In circumstances

• What is it?

  Where D is compelled to act due to a situation rather than a threat.

  • R v Willer
• Test

  Must also pass the Graham test

  • R v Martin
• Stage one

  Was D compelled to act as he did because he reasonably believed he had good cause to fear serious injury or death?
• Stage two

  Would a sober person of a reasonable firmness sharing D's characterists have responded in the same way in the same time?
• Characteristics

  R v Bowden:

  • Age
  • Pregnancy
  • Serious physical disability
  • Recognised mental illness or psychiatric disorder
  • Sex
• Cannot use for murder or attempted murder

  R v Pommel
• R v Abdul-Hussain

  Does not need to be immediate, but must be imminent sense it was hanging over them