PR2 (2)

• Conceptual framework is a graphical presentation of your concepts or ideas on the basic structure or components of your research as well as on the relationships of these elements with one another.
• Conceptual Framework shows the organization, order and direction of the study by means of schematic diagram that enable the readers to obtain general understanding of the research study.
• The IPO Model A functional graph that identifies the inputs, outputs and required processing tasks to transform inputs into outputs.
• If the IPO model is used correctly, it will give you an efficient way to analyze and document the critical aspects of a transformation process to produce the outputs
• Theoretical Framework can be described as a framework based on an existing theory in a field of inquiry that is related and or reflect on the hypothesis of the study
• Theoretical Framework Basically, a blueprint that guides the researcher is which he borrowed to build his own research inquiry. One of the importance of using this framework, it gives structure to your research that assists the you in contextualizing theories into your own study
• There are four ways of proper citation. These includes summary, evaluation, quotation and paraphrasing.
• There are two styles of in-text citation and this includes integral and non-integral.
• Plagiarism is an act of quoting or copying the exact words of the writer and passing the quoted words off as your own words. You must consider ethical standard in writing RRL and RRS so that you cannot violate academic writing and avoid copyright infringement.
• A Review of the Related Literature provides a concise summary of information and data findings that describe current knowledge and facts.
• Research design is a plan to answer your research question.
• research method is a strategy used to implement that plan.
• Research designs are a structure of temporal-spatial arrangements within which the selected variables are controlled, manipulated and measured.
• Experimental Research Design. It is often called true experimentation in which a test or examination of a thing under manipulated or controlled environment.
• Experimental Research Design. It uses the scientific method to establish cause-effect relationship among a group of variables in a research study.
• True Experimental. It uses random selection in determining who among the participants should compose the experimental group or the control group
• Quasi-experimental. It adopts a comparative technique in choosing the subjects. It seeks to establish a cause effect relationship between two or more variables. The independent variable is not manipulated and control groups are identified and exposed to the variable. Results are compared with results from groups not exposed to the variable.
• Matched comparison – choosing a treatment group and another group that has similarities with the treatment group
• Time-series quasi-experimental research – giving them series of pre-tests and post-tests
• Single-subject quasi-experimental research – controls treatment and condition applied to just one individual or a group
• Single Group Design. This involves one treatment with two or more levels.
• Two Group Design. This design has two comparable groups employed as control and experimental groups or two groups are both experimental groups.
• Two-pair Group Design. This design is an extension of two – group design wherein there is one-pair of control group and one – pair of experimental group.
• Parallel Group Design. It consists of three or more groups wherein one group is control group with two or more experimental groups. The control group or parallel group serves as basis of the experimental groups which is manipulated or changed, but the experimental groups vary.
• Non-Experimental Research Design. It describes the collected data abput such subject and determining the relationships with one another. A type of research design that is capable of giving qualitative and quantitative data, but more on qualitative data. It does not allow manipulation or control on variable
• Descriptive Research. It seeks to describe the current status of a variable or phenomenon.
• Observation Studies - Observation studies are involved in both quantitative and qualitative research methods. However, in quantitative methods, the focus of observation studies is on a particular factor of behavior and it is quantified. In this type of design, a researcher will try to maintain objectivity in assessing the behavior being studied
• Correlational Research – to determine the relationship between variables it uses statistical analysis. However, it does not look for cause and effect and therefore, is also mostly observational in terms of data collection.
• Survey Research – It is used to ask questions to a sample of respondents, using various types such as online polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires, etc.
• Comparative Research. It states the differences or similarities between or among people, things, objects, etc.
• Ex Post Facto. According to Baraceros (2016 p.42), It translates itself into these English words, “that which is done afterwards” and has the purpose of deriving data from things that are by nature taking place, so as to obtain explanations about past events
• It uses deductive reasoning, where the researcher forms an hypothesis, collects data in an investigation of the problem, and then uses the data from the investigation
• In cross-sectional survey, a researcher collects information from a sample drawn population. It involves collecting data at one point at a time
• in longitudinal survey, data collection is done at different points of time to observe the changes.
• There are two main type of research design in quantitative research namely experimental and non-experimental.

  A) experimental

  B) non experimental
• Experimental research has two types called true experimental and quasi-experimental
• quasi-experimental has three types: matched comparison, time-series quasi-experimental and single-subject quasi-experimental
• non experimental has 3 types

  1. descriptive
  2. comparative
  3. ex-post facto
• descriptive has three types: observation studies, correlational and survey research
• Data are the raw material which the statistician works. Data can be found through surveys, experiments, numerical records and other modes of research