retrieval failure

• What does Retrieval Failure Theory focus on?

  The absence of cues
• According to Tulving’s encoding specificity principle, when is memory most effective?

  When cues present at encoding are available at retrieval
• What are the two main types of retrieval failure?

  Context-Dependent and State-Dependent Forgetting
• What causes Context-Dependent Forgetting?

  Lack of environmental cues present at learning
• How does the encoding specificity principle relate to recall performance?

  Recall improves if retrieval context matches encoding context
• What was the aim of Godden & Baddeley's 1975 study?

  To see if environmental cues aid recall
• What method did Godden & Baddeley use in their study?

  A field experiment with deep-sea divers
• What were the independent and dependent variables in Godden & Baddeley's study?

  IV: learning context; DV: recall of words
• What did Godden & Baddeley find regarding recall performance?

  Recall was better in the same context
• What did Abernethy (1940) find about students' performance in different rooms?

  Students performed better in the same room
• What are internal bodily cues in State-Dependent Memory?

  Mood, arousal level, and physiological state
• What did Goodwin et al. (1969) ask male volunteers to do?

  Remember a list of words when drunk or sober
• What were the results of Goodwin et al. (1969) regarding recall?

  Same state recall was significantly better
• What did Bower (1981) find about recalling memories when sad?

  More memories recalled when sad and hypnotized
• What are the strengths of Retrieval Failure Theory?

  • Supported by extensive research evidence
  • Consistent with everyday memory experiences
  • Practical applications in crime reconstructions
• What are the weaknesses of Retrieval Failure Theory?

  • Laboratory studies may lack real-life validity
  • Contexts used in studies are often very different
  • Findings may not apply to all types of information
• What limitation was noted in the Godden and Baddeley study regarding recall tests?

  Findings only occurred with free-recall tests
• Why might procedural skills not be affected by retrieval failure?

  They are unlikely to depend on context or state
• What is the structure for discussing Retrieval Failure Theory in an essay?

  • A01: Description (6 marks)
  • A03: Evaluation (10 marks)
• What does the marking level 4 indicate in the essay rubric?

  Knowledge is accurate and well detailed
• What does marking level 1 indicate in the essay rubric?

  Very limited knowledge and poor organization
• What is the main reason for forgetting according to retrieval failure theory?

  Absence of appropriate retrieval cues
• What does the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon indicate?

  Information is stored but inaccessible
• How does a different learning environment affect memory recall?

  It may inhibit memory due to context change
• What is the encoding specificity principle?

  Memory retrieval is improved by matching cues
• What type of interference occurs when an older memory disrupts a newer memory?

  Proactive interference
• What is retroactive interference?

  Newer memory disrupts an older memory
• How might Natasha's context affect her drama exam performance?

  Different environments may hinder her recall
• How does the study by Godden and Baddeley relate to retrieval failure?

  It shows context affects memory recall
• What is the independent variable in the context study with schoolchildren?

  The context of recall (same or different room)
• What is the likely outcome of the context study regarding word recall?

  More words recalled in the same context
• How might random allocation be carried out in a study?

  Using a lottery system for participant assignment
• How could participants be matched in a matched pairs design?

  Pairing based on relevant variables like IQ
• What does the 'tip of the tongue' phenomenon demonstrate?

  Difficulty in accessing stored information
• What did Tulving and Pearlstone's study reveal about memory recall?

  Category cues improve recall significantly
• How can the retrieval failure theory be applied to improve memory?

  Using mnemonics and category headings
• What is a limitation of lab studies on interference?

  Use of artificial materials like word lists
• What is the main focus of the retrieval failure theory?

  Forgetting due to absence of cues
• What are the types of forgetting according to retrieval failure theory?

  • Context-dependent forgetting
  • State-dependent forgetting
  • Category-dependent forgetting
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of interference as an explanation for forgetting?

  Strengths:

  • Supported by lab studies (e.g., Baddeley and Hitch)
  • Real-life applications in studying

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Use of artificial materials in studies
  • Limited generalizability to real-life situations