2.8 Blood Glucose & Obesity

• What is glycogen converted from in the liver?

  Extra glucose
• What happens to excess glucose after eating a meal?

  It is converted into glycogen in the liver
• What detects a rise in blood glucose levels?

  Receptor cells in the pancreas
• What hormone is produced by the pancreas when blood glucose levels rise?

  Insulin
• What is the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?

  It decreases blood glucose levels
• What type of cells in the pancreas produce glucagon and insulin?

  Endocrine cells
• What happens when blood glucose levels are low?

  Glucagon is secreted from the pancreas
• What does glucagon do in the liver?

  It converts glycogen to glucose
• What is negative feedback in blood glucose control?

  It corrects changes to maintain stability
• What are the steps in blood glucose regulation after a meal?

  • Blood glucose level rises
  • Pancreas releases insulin
  • Body cells take up glucose
  • Liver stores glucose as glycogen
  • Blood glucose level declines
• What happens when blood glucose levels fall?

  • Blood glucose level falls
  • Pancreas releases glucagon
  • Liver breaks down glycogen
  • Glucose is released into the blood
• What hormone is released during exercise to raise blood glucose levels?

  Adrenaline
• How does adrenaline affect insulin secretion?

  It inhibits insulin secretion
• What is type 1 diabetes characterized by?

  Inability to produce insulin
• When does type 1 diabetes usually occur?

  In childhood
• What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

  Regular doses of insulin
• What typically develops later in life, type 1 or type 2 diabetes?

  Type 2 diabetes
• What increases the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes?

  Being overweight
• What is insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?

  Cells are less sensitive to insulin
• What happens to blood glucose levels after a meal in diabetes?

  They rise rapidly
• What test is used to diagnose diabetes?

  Glucose tolerance test
• What does a glucose tolerance test measure?

  Blood glucose concentration changes
• What is a normal blood glucose level?

  5 mmol/l
• What can chronic high blood glucose levels lead to?

  Damage to blood vessels
• What is obesity characterized by?

  Excess body fat
• What is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

  Obesity
• What does BMI stand for?

  Body mass index
• What BMI value indicates obesity?

  Greater than 30
• What is a limitation of using BMI?

  It may misclassify muscular individuals
• What is essential fat needed for?

  Formation of cell membranes and hormones
• How does exercise affect body composition?

  It increases energy expenditure
• What lifestyle factors are linked to obesity?

  High fat diets and low physical activity
• What can exercise help reduce the risk of?

  Cardiovascular disease
• What can elevated glucose levels damage?

  Small blood vessels
• Why is glucose important for the body?

  It is needed for respiration
• What role do hormones play in blood glucose regulation?

  They maintain a constant blood glucose level