Endocrinology

    Cards (190)

    • Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream from ductless endocrine glands
    • Match the type of intercellular messenger with its description:
      Endocrine ↔️ Released into the bloodstream
      Autocrine ↔️ Acts on the same cell
      Paracrine ↔️ Acts on nearby cells
    • What is the function of a hormone?
      Chemical messenger
    • Hormones act on target cells that are always located near the secreting gland.
      False
    • Where is insulin released from in the body?
      Islets of Langerhans
    • Prostaglandins are an example of a local hormone produced by autocrine signaling.
    • Steps in peptide hormone synthesis
      1️⃣ Transcription of gene into mRNA
      2️⃣ Translation of mRNA into preprohormone
      3️⃣ Protein folding and disulphide bond formation
      4️⃣ Cleavage of signal peptide
      5️⃣ Additional processing in Golgi complex
      6️⃣ Packaging into secretory granules
      7️⃣ Exocytosis and hormone release
    • Which two neurohormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland?
      Oxytocin and vasopressin
    • Why is cholesterol essential for steroid hormone synthesis?
      It is the precursor molecule
    • The half-life of a hormone is the time taken for its initial concentration to fall by 50%.
    • Steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors to mediate their effects.
    • Match the hypothalamic releasing hormone with its target hormone in the anterior pituitary:
      GnRH ↔️ LH and FSH
      GHRH ↔️ GH
      CRH ↔️ ACTH
    • What type of feedback mechanism maintains hormone levels within a set point?
      Negative feedback
    • What input triggers the release of hormones in a neuroendocrine reflex?
      Higher brain centers
    • Cortisol levels peak in the late evening and are lowest in the early morning.
      False
    • A primary endocrine disorder is caused by a problem with the endocrine gland itself.
    • What are the three general categories of endocrine disorders?
      Hypersecretion, hyposecretion, decreased target-cell responsiveness
    • Order the transport steps of peptide hormones in the circulation:
      1️⃣ Hydrophilic peptide hormones circulate freely
      2️⃣ They bind weakly to plasma proteins
      3️⃣ Unbound hormones are biologically active
      4️⃣ Binding to proteins delays metabolism
      5️⃣ Circulating reservoir of hormones is created
    • Match the hormone type with its example:
      Peptide ↔️ Insulin
      Steroid ↔️ Cortisol
      Tyrosine-derived ↔️ Thyroxine
    • Insulin produced by the pancreas affects the liver, fat, and muscle
    • Which organ produces insulin in the human body?
      Pancreas
    • The peak of plasma cortisol concentration occurs near noon
    • What does the graph in the image depict?
      Plasma cortisol concentration
    • What type of relationship is shown in the image between circles A and B?
      Cyclical
    • Primary endocrine glands include ovaries, testes, and the placenta
    • Match the primary endocrine organ with its location:
      Hypothalamus ↔️ Brain
      Thyroid ↔️ Neck
      Adrenal cortex ↔️ Abdomen
      Ovaries ↔️ Pelvis
    • The hypothalamus is a primary endocrine organ located in the brain
    • Secondary endocrine glands include the GI tract, kidney, and heart.
    • The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland are interconnected.
    • Steps in the control of anterior pituitary hormone secretion
      1️⃣ Releasing factors are secreted by hypothalamus
      2️⃣ Releasing factors reach capillary bed of anterior pituitary
      3️⃣ Anterior pituitary releases hormones
    • The hypothalamus secretes hypothalamic-releasing factors
    • What are the two names for the pituitary gland?
      Adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis
    • What is the term for a chain of endocrine glands influenced by each other?
      Endocrine axis
    • Feedback regulation maintains physiological homeostasis.
    • Match the hypothalamic tropic hormone with its target:
      GnRH ↔️ Gonads
      GHRH ↔️ Liver
      TRH ↔️ Thyroid
      CRH ↔️ Adrenal cortex
    • Tropic hormones are released by the anterior pituitary
    • Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of GH from the anterior pituitary?
      GHRH
    • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) targets the gonads
    • IGF-1 is produced by the liver in response to GH.
    • Match the hypothalamic hormone with its anterior pituitary target:
      GnRH ↔️ LH and FSH
      GHRH ↔️ GH
      TRH ↔️ TSH
      CRH ↔️ ACTH
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