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Human Phys
Endocrinology
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Cards (190)
Hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream from ductless endocrine
glands
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Match the type of intercellular messenger with its description:
Endocrine ↔️ Released into the bloodstream
Autocrine ↔️ Acts on the same cell
Paracrine ↔️ Acts on nearby cells
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What is the function of a hormone?
Chemical messenger
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Hormones act on target cells that are always located near the secreting gland.
False
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Where is insulin released from in the body?
Islets of Langerhans
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Prostaglandins are an example of a local hormone produced by
autocrine
signaling.
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Steps in peptide hormone synthesis
1️⃣ Transcription of gene into mRNA
2️⃣ Translation of mRNA into preprohormone
3️⃣ Protein folding and disulphide bond formation
4️⃣ Cleavage of signal peptide
5️⃣ Additional processing in Golgi complex
6️⃣ Packaging into secretory granules
7️⃣ Exocytosis and hormone release
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Which two neurohormones are released from the posterior pituitary gland?
Oxytocin and vasopressin
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Why is cholesterol essential for steroid hormone synthesis?
It is the precursor molecule
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The half-life of a hormone is the time taken for its initial concentration to fall by
50%
.
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Steroid hormones bind to
intracellular
receptors to mediate their effects.
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Match the hypothalamic releasing hormone with its target hormone in the anterior pituitary:
GnRH ↔️ LH and FSH
GHRH ↔️ GH
CRH ↔️ ACTH
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What type of feedback mechanism maintains hormone levels within a set point?
Negative feedback
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What input triggers the release of hormones in a neuroendocrine reflex?
Higher brain centers
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Cortisol levels peak in the late evening and are lowest in the early morning.
False
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A primary endocrine disorder is caused by a problem with the endocrine
gland
itself.
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What are the three general categories of endocrine disorders?
Hypersecretion, hyposecretion, decreased target-cell responsiveness
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Order the transport steps of peptide hormones in the circulation:
1️⃣ Hydrophilic peptide hormones circulate freely
2️⃣ They bind weakly to plasma proteins
3️⃣ Unbound hormones are biologically active
4️⃣ Binding to proteins delays metabolism
5️⃣ Circulating reservoir of hormones is created
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Match the hormone type with its example:
Peptide ↔️ Insulin
Steroid ↔️ Cortisol
Tyrosine-derived ↔️ Thyroxine
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Insulin produced by the pancreas affects the liver, fat, and
muscle
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Which organ produces insulin in the human body?
Pancreas
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The peak of plasma cortisol concentration occurs near
noon
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What does the graph in the image depict?
Plasma cortisol concentration
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What type of relationship is shown in the image between circles A and B?
Cyclical
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Primary endocrine glands include ovaries, testes, and the
placenta
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Match the primary endocrine organ with its location:
Hypothalamus ↔️ Brain
Thyroid ↔️ Neck
Adrenal cortex ↔️ Abdomen
Ovaries ↔️ Pelvis
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The hypothalamus is a primary endocrine organ located in the
brain
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Secondary endocrine glands include the GI tract, kidney, and
heart
.
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The hypothalamus and the
pituitary gland
are interconnected.
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Steps in the control of anterior pituitary hormone secretion
1️⃣ Releasing factors are secreted by hypothalamus
2️⃣ Releasing factors reach capillary bed of anterior pituitary
3️⃣ Anterior pituitary releases hormones
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The hypothalamus secretes hypothalamic-releasing
factors
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What are the two names for the pituitary gland?
Adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis
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What is the term for a chain of endocrine glands influenced by each other?
Endocrine axis
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Feedback regulation maintains physiological
homeostasis
.
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Match the hypothalamic tropic hormone with its target:
GnRH ↔️ Gonads
GHRH ↔️ Liver
TRH ↔️ Thyroid
CRH ↔️ Adrenal cortex
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Tropic hormones are released by the anterior
pituitary
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Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of GH from the anterior pituitary?
GHRH
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) targets the
gonads
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IGF-1 is produced by the liver in response to
GH
.
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Match the hypothalamic hormone with its anterior pituitary target:
GnRH ↔️ LH and FSH
GHRH ↔️ GH
TRH ↔️ TSH
CRH ↔️ ACTH
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