Atomic Structure

• What are the main components of an atom?

  Electron shells, protons, neutrons, electrons
• Why is it important to know about atomic structure?

  It relates to X-ray production and imaging
• What is the role of high-speed electrons in X-ray production?

  They interact with atoms to produce X-rays
• How do X-ray images form in tissues?

  Through interaction of X-ray photons with atoms
• What does wave-particle duality refer to?

  Electromagnetic radiation behaving as both wave and particle
• What are the parts of an atom?

  Protons, neutrons, electrons
• What is the nucleus of an atom?

  It is the large central portion containing protons and neutrons
• How do electrons orbit the nucleus?

  In shells that are concentric circles
• What defines a stable atom?

  Equal number of protons and neutrons
• Who proposed the nuclear model of the atom?

  Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr
• What did Rutherford's gold foil experiment demonstrate?

  Atoms have a high central charge and a nucleus
• What did Bohr suggest about electron orbits?

  Electrons move in stationary orbits around the nucleus
• What is the mass of a proton?

  $1.672 \times 10^{-27} \text{ kg}$
• What is the charge of a proton?

  +1
• What defines the atomic number of an element?

  It is the number of protons in the nucleus
• What is the mass of a neutron?

  $1.675 \times 10^{-27} \text{ kg}$
• What is the charge of a neutron?

  0
• What are quarks?

  Elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons
• What is the charge of an up quark?

  +⅔
• What is the charge of a down quark?

  -⅓
• What determines the chemical reactivity of an atom?

  The number of outer shell electrons
• How many electrons can occupy a shell?

  Maximum of $2(n^2)$
• What is binding energy?

  The energy that keeps electrons in orbit
• How does binding energy change with distance from the nucleus?

  It increases as electrons get closer
• What happens when an electron overcomes its binding energy?

  It gets ejected from the atom
• What is the mass number of an element?

  The total number of protons and neutrons
• What is the atomic number of an element?

  The number of protons in the nucleus
• What is the APE MAN theory?

  Atomic number equals protons equals electrons
• What are isotopes?

  Atoms with the same atomic number but different neutrons
• What are nuclides?

  Atoms with a nucleus in an excited state
• What is radioactive decay?

  Process of unstable atoms becoming stable
• What does quantum mechanics describe about electrons?

  Electrons have orbital paths around the nucleus
• What does the Lamour formula predict?

  Electrons release electromagnetic radiation while orbiting
• What is wave-particle duality?

  Electrons can behave as both waves and particles
• Who proposed the idea of wave-particle duality?

  Louis de Broglie
• What does Broglie's wavelength suggest about electrons?

  Electrons orbit as a waveform without crashing
• How does the number of waves relate to electron orbits?

  It depends on the specific orbit of the electron
• What are the components of an atom?

  • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
  • Nucleus
  • Electron shells
• What is the significance of binding energy in atomic structure?

  • Keeps electrons in orbit
  • Varies with distance from nucleus
  • Determines stability of the atom
• What is the relationship between atomic number and mass number?

  • Atomic number = number of protons
  • Mass number = protons + neutrons
  • Determines the identity of the element