lifeguarding

• use PPE (personal protective equipment) such as disposable gloves and a resuscitation mask. also wash your hands when you take glvoes off
• asthma- if victim has a inhaler nearby they should use it if not call 911 and place victim in a position that helps breathing
• initial impression of a victim is how the victim appears to you as you size up the scene
• you find a unresponsive adult on the floor in the locker room you should activate facilities EAP size up scene form an initial impression perform a primary assessment/check for responsiveness summon EMS personnel
• If a victim is not moving or breathing, but has a pulse

  -begin ventilations at a rate of 1 every 5-6 seconds
• As you size up the scene-

  You use your senses to determine if a scene is safe

  Perform an initial impression

  Put on appropriate PPE
• WHen performing CPR on an adult-chest compressions are 2 inches at least but no more than 2.4 inches
• CPR is performed when there is no pulse or breathing.  When someone is in cardiac arrest. 

  -after you determine no pulse, no blood, no breathing, begin 2 ventilations and chest compressions
• Adult Cardiac chain of survival

  1-Recognition of a cardiac emergency and activate the emergency response system

  2-early CPR 

  3-early defibrillation

  4-advanced life support using advanced medical personnel

  5-integrated post cardiac arrest care 
• Heart attack-

  -first, summon EMS personnel

  -then loosen any tight clothing

  -provide comfort to the victim

  -monitor the victims appearance
• AED

  -remove any clothing over the chest area

  -make sure area is dry

  -turn on the AED

  -apply the pads and allow the AED to analyze the heart rhythm

  -everyone back away from the victim, no one touching them

  -following the directions the AED machine gives you

  -machine will give a shock

  -when machine tells you to, begin giving chest compressions
• An AED-

  -can be used on someone with body piercings

  -can be used on someone who is pregnant

  -do not wipe down someone with alcohol pads before putting on the pads.  Alcohol is flammable 

  -do not put pads on a wet victim
• High quality chest compressions-

  Expose the victim's chest to ensure proper hand placement and watch for full chest recoil
• You are performing CPR on a victim, and an assisting responder arrives.  FIrst thing they should do is make sure EMS has been called
• You come across a victim who has fallen off a ladder.  The victim is responsive, the first thing you do is obtain consent  from the victim to provide care.  Then ask questions (size up the scene), etc.
• BVM-

  Bag valve mask resuscitator- most effective when two rescuers operate it.
• Ventilations to an infant-1 breath every 3 seconds
• CPR chest compressions-30 chest compressions to 2 ventilations

  -100-120 compressions per minute
• 2 rescuer CPR on an infant- 15 chest compressions to 2 ventilations
• Before giving ventilations-make sure you are opening the airways

  Tilt the head back (adult/child)

  Tilt the head back slightly from neutral in an infant
• You are providing care to a person who is choking on some food-the victim becomes unresponsive.  First thing you do is lower the victim to the group and begin cpr starting with chest compressions.
• When giving abdominal thrusts to an adult who is choking, your hands should be in the middle of the abdomen, just above the naval.
• When giving CPR to an infant-

  -one hand should be on their forehead and two or three fingers on the center of the chest
• Your initial impression reveals severe life threatening bleeding in an adult victim who appears to be unresponsive.  

  -first thing you do should be control the bleeding with any available resource
• If the victim is responsive and bleeding, and you have summoned EMS, obtained consent, and put on disposable gloves, your next step is to press firmly against the wound with a sterile dressing and bandage
• You completed a primary assessment and determined that there are no life threatening conditions, you perform a secondary assessment to determine if there are any additional life threatening conditions that would require you to provide care.  You would use the SAMPLE acronym to take a brief history related to injury or illness.
• S-signs and symptoms

  A-Allergies

  M-Medications

  P-Pertinent past medical history

  L-last oral intake

  E-events leading up to the incident 
• FIrst step in caring for burns is to remove the victim from the source of the burns.  
• Seizures in the water- support the victim with their head above water until the seizure ends
• When you have a situation with several victims with various injuries.  How do you know which victim to care for first? A victim who appears unconscious would be who you go to first.  
• When caring for Musculoskeletal injuries, we use the RICE acronym

  Rest

  Immobilize

  Cold

  Elevate
• Signs and symptoms of sudden illness include-

  -changes in LOC (level of consciousness)

  -nausea or vomiting

  -loss of vision or blurred vision
• Passive victim front rescues: for a drowning victim who is struggling and facing towards you
• Active rear facing victim: drowning person struggling bd facing away from me
• passive victim front rescue: for a drowning victim who is faced down at or near the surface in a vertical-to-horizontal position; seems unresponsive and is not suspected of having a head, neck or spinal injury; facing towards me
• Passive victim rear rescue: for a drowning victim face down or near the surface in a vertical-to-horizontal position; seems unresponsive and is not suspected of heaving a neck head or spine injury facing away from me
• Passive victim at or near a surface in water face up: for a drowning victim who is face up or near water less than 3 feet, seems unresponsive and is not suspected of having a spine or neck ect injury
• Passive victim at or near surface in water face down: drowning victim who is facing down at it near shallow water seems unresponsive no spine injuries
• When a victim is below surface, you must be able to get under water or to the bottom. As a lifeguard, you must be able perform both:

  • Feet-First Surface Dive
  • Head-First Surface Dive
• The objective in rescuing a submerged victim is to effectively and quickly go underwater, make contact with the victim, bring them to the surface and support the victim on the rescue tube while maintaining an open airway. Continue to maintain an open airway while moving the victim to a safe exit point, remove the victim, assess the victim's condition and provide appropriate care.