Chemistry

• Haber Process:

  Temp: 450

  Pressure: 200 atm/ 20000 kPa

  Catalyst: Iron
• Contact Process:

  Temp: 450

  Pressure: 2 atm/ 200 kPa

  Catalyst: Vanadium (V) oxide
• Blast Furnace:

  Reactants: Hematite, Limestone (CaCO3), coke

  Reducing agents: Carbon monoxide or Carbon
• Aluminium Extraction:

  Reactants: Bauxite/ Aluminium oxide

  Temp: 950

  Catalyst: Molten cryolite
• Catalyst Converters:

  Catalyst: Platinum, rhodium, palladium
• Cracking of alkane:

  Temp: 450-800

  Catalyst: Steam, Zeolite

  Pressure: 2 - 7 atm
• Substitution of alkane:

  Condition needed: Sunlight/UV light
• Hydrogenation of alkene:

  Temp: 180

  Catalyst: Nickel/Platinum

  Pressure: High
• Hydration of alkene:

  Reactant: Steam

  Temperature: 300

  Pressure: 60 - 70 atm

  Catalyst: Concentrated Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)
• Halogenation of alkene:

  Differentiate alkane and alkene

  Alkane mix with orange-brown solution, which would then decolourise
• Fermentation of glucose:

  Reactant: Glucose

  Temp: 35

  Condition: yeast (enzyme: zymase), anaerobic
• Oxidation of alcohol:

  Oxidising agent:

  1. Acidified Aqueous Potassium Manganate (VII), KMnO4 (Purple to colourless)
  2. Acidified Aqueous Potassium Dichromate (VI), K2Cr2O7 (Orange to green)

  Acid used: Sulfuric acid
• Esterification:

  Reactants: Alcohol, carboxylic acid

  Catalyst: Concentrated sulfuric acid
• Hydrolysis of carbohydrates/polymers/ester:

  Substance used to break down carbohydrate and polymers:

  1. Enzyme
  2. Acid + Heat

  Substance used to break down ester:

  1. Water
  2. Acid + Heat
• Phenolphthalein:

  Acid: Colourless

  Neutral: Colourless

  Alkali: Pink
• Thymolphthalein:

  Acid: Colourless

  Neutral: Colourless

  Alkali: Blue
• Litmus Paper:

  Acid: Red

  Neutral: Purple

  Alkali: Blue
• Universal Indicator:

  Acid: Red / Orange-yellow

  Neutral: Green

  Alkali: Pale Blue / dark blue / purple
• Methyl orange:

  Acid: Red

  Neutral: Orange

  Alkali: Yellow
• Differentiate alcohol and hydrocarbon:

  Alkane and alkene will burn with yellow flame with soot

  Alcohol burns with blue flame without soot
• Alkane to alkene: Cracking

  Alkene to Alcohol: Hydration, Fermentation w Yeast

  Alcohol to Carboxylic acid: Acid Fermentation w Bacteria, Oxidation

  Carboxylic acid to Ester: Esterification

  Ester to alcohol: Hydrolysis

  Alkene to Alkane: Hydrogenation