Intro and Terminology

• Anatomy: the scientific discipline that studies the structure and organization of living organisms
• Physiology: the scientific discipline that studies the function of living organisms
• Anatomical position: refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms to the side, and the palms facing forward

  
• Directional Orientation (based on what is closest to the point of attachment of the limb to the torso)

  • Medial: towards the midline
  • Lateral: away from the midline
  • Proximal: nearer/closer
  • Distal: further
• Directional Orientation:

  • Anterior/Ventral: "front" or closer to the front
  • Posterior/Dorsal: "back" or closer to the back
  • Superior/Cranial/Cephalic: "up" or further up
  • Inferior/Caudal: "down" or further down
• Directional Orientation:

  • Supine: lying face up (supination)
  • Prone: lying face down (pronation)
• Directional Orientation:

  • Supine: lying face up (supination)
  • Prone: lying face down (pronation)
• Median plane/Mid-Sagittal: divides the body into equal left and right halves; runs through the midline

  
• Sagittal Plane/Parasagittal: divides the body into unequal right and left halves; does not run through the midline
• Coronal/Frontal Plane: divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

  
• Transverse Plane/Horizontal Plane: cross-section; divides the body into superior and inferior parts
• What plane of the body is this?

  A) Transverse

  
• What plane of the body is this?

  A) Coronal/Frontal

  
• What plane of the body is this?

  A) Sagittal

  
• Axial Skeleton: bones of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and sacrum

  • Function: Support and protection
• Axial Skeleton: bones of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and sacrum

  • Function: Support and protection
• Appendicular Skeleton: bones of the limbs, including the shoulder and pelvic girdles

  • Function: Movement
• Appendicular Skeleton: bones of the limbs, including the shoulder and pelvic girdles

  • Function: Movement
• Label the skeletons correctly

  A) Appendicular

  B) Axial

  
• Skeletal System: Depressions

  • Foramen: hole or round opening in the bone
  • Allows for nerves and blood vessels to pass
• Skeletal System: Depressions

  • Meatus: passage or tunnel through bone
  • channel that extends within the bone
• Skeletal System: Depressions

  • Sinus: cavity; filled with air and covered with mucous membrane
• Skeletal System: Depressions

  • Fossa: hollow or depressed area
• This is an example of a meatus

  
• This is an example of a

  A) fossa

  
• Skeletal System: Processes

  • Condyle: large, rounded, articular area
  • Bears the majority of force exerted on joint
  • Articulate with other bones, often to form joints
• Skeletal System: Processes

  • Epicondyle: projection superior to a condyle
  • Attachment point for muscle and connective tissues
• Skeletal System: Processes

  Tubercle: small raised projection

  • Attachment point for connective tissues
• Skeletal System: Processes

  Tuberosity: large rounded projection

  • Attachment point for muscles and connective tissues
  • Often rougher in texture
• Skeletal System: Processes

  • Crest: ridge of bone
• Skeletal System: Processes

  • Line: a linear elevation
• Skeletal System: Processes

  • Spine: a sharp, pointed edge (very prominent)
• Label the skeletal processes shown below

  A) Tubercle

  B) Epicondyle

  C) Condyle

  D) Condyle

  E) Epicondyle

  
• Label the skeletal processes shown below:

  A) Epicondyle

  B) Tuberosity

  C) Epicondyle

  D) Tuberosity

  
• What is the skeletal process shown in red?

  A) Crest

  
• What is the skeletal process shown below?

  A) line

  
• Functions of the Skeletal System:

  • Support: bearing body weight
  • Movement: muscles attached to bone via tendons; when muscles contract, bones move
  • Protection: cover/enclose organs
  • Mineral Reserve: calcium and phosphorus
  • Hemopoiesis: production of blood cells
• Major Features of Bones

  • Head: enlarged articular end
  • Neck: narrower part between head and body
  • Body: Main part of bone
• Name the major features of the bone

  A) head

  B) neck

  C) body

  
• Bone shapes

  1. Long: long/tubular (ex: femur, ulna, phalanges)
  2. Short: cube-shaped (cuboidal) and found only in ankle and wrist (ex: tarsals and carpals)
  3. Flat: flat/curved; often serve protective functions (ex: skull, ribs, sternum)
  4. Irregular: have shapes other than the ones listed above (ex: vertebrae and sacrum)