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Biology
Paper 1
Natural selection and genetic modification
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Created by
Briya Kesur
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Cards (51)
What does natural selection mean?
Survival
of the
fittest
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Why do individuals in a population show genetic variation?
Due to
differences
in their
alleles
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How do new alleles arise?
Through
mutation
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What happens to alleles responsible for useful characteristics?
They are more likely passed to the
next generation
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How do beneficial characteristics affect a population over time?
They become more
common
in the population
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What do bacteria sometimes develop in their DNA?
Random
mutations
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What advantage does antibiotic resistance provide to bacteria?
Better survival in the
presence
of
antibiotics
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How does a resistant bacterium fare in a treated host?
It survives longer than
non-resistant
bacteria
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What does the spread of antibiotic resistance illustrate?
Natural selection
in bacteria
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What is a fossil?
A trace of an ancient
organism
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How are fossils typically found?
In
rocks
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What does arranging fossils in chronological order show?
Gradual changes in
organisms
over time
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What is the significance of fossils in evolution?
They provide evidence of
species
changes
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What do fossils suggest about human evolution?
Humans evolved from a
common ancestor
with
apes
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What are hominids?
Human beings
and their ancestors
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What do hominid fossils reveal?
Characteristics between
apes
and
humans
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How old is the Ardi fossil?
4.4 million years
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What does Ardi's foot structure suggest?
She
climbed
trees
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How does Ardi's brain size compare to a chimpanzee's?
It
is
about
the
same
size
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How old is the Lucy fossil?
3.2 million years
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What features does Lucy have?
Mixture of
human
and
ape
features
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How does Lucy's foot structure differ from Ardi's?
Lucy has
arched
feet for walking
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Who organized the expedition to find hominid fossils in 1964?
Richard Leakey
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What was Turkana Boy's age?
1.6 million years
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How does Turkana Boy's brain size compare to Lucy's?
It is much
larger
than Lucy's
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How can fossils be arranged to show human evolution?
Fossils can be placed on a timeline.
Ardipithecus
species are more
ape-like
.
Homo
species are more
human-like
.
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What evidence do stone tools provide for human evolution?
Homo habilis
made simple pebble tools.
Homo erectus
created more complex tools.
Homo sapiens
used flint tools and advanced implements.
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What is stratigraphy?
The study of
rock layers
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How can carbon-14 dating be used?
To
date
carbon-containing
materials
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What are the five kingdoms in the traditional classification system?
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Prokaryotes
Protists
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How has the classification system changed over time?
It now includes
genetic analysis
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Who proposed the three domain system of classification?
Carl Woese
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What are the three domains proposed by Woese?
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
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What is a disadvantage of selective breeding?
It reduces the gene pool
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What health problems can arise from inbreeding?
Increased chance of genetic defects
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What is selective breeding?
Artificial selection
of breeding organisms
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What are the steps involved in selective breeding?
Select existing stock with desired traits.
Breed selected organisms together.
Choose the best offspring for breeding.
Repeat over several generations.
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How can genetic engineering be useful in agriculture?
It can create
herbicide-resistant
crops
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What is recombinant DNA?
Two
pieces
of
DNA
joined
together
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What role do restriction enzymes play in genetic engineering?
They cut DNA at
specific sequences
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