gender & crime

• What approach did Heidensen adopt to understand differences in offending between males and females?

  Control theory approach
• What does Heidensen suggest is responsible for lower levels of female criminality?

  Patriarchal control in social life
• How does Heidensen explain the control of women in public life?

  Through domestic responsibilities and employment hierarchies
• What spheres does Heidensen identify as having differing ideologies for males and females?

  Domestic and public spheres
• In which sphere are women more dominant according to Heidensen?

  Domestic sphere
• What limits women's opportunities for criminality according to Heidensen?

  Responsibilities in the home and social expectations
• What type of crime are women more likely to be arrested for?

  Shoplifting
• How does Heidensen describe women's behavior in the public sphere?

  Controlled by social expectations of submissiveness
• What does Heidensen argue about women's autonomy in public life?

  It is seen as a challenge to male authority
• What reinforces the control of women in public according to Heidensen?

  Fear of violent behavior from males
• What role do women play in society according to Heidensen?

  Guardians of morality
• How were women controlled in the workplace during Heidensen's research?

  Through legitimate authority of male superiors
• What does Heidensen suggest about the relationship between patriarchal control and female criminality?

  Lower levels of control lead to higher criminality
• What does Adler's liberation thesis suggest about female criminality?

  It increases as women become liberated
• How does Heidensen's view compare to Carlin's regarding women's freedom from controls?

  Women are not free from patriarchal controls
• What has changed in society since Heidensen's research in the mid-1980s?

  Greater involvement of women in employment
• What is the current ratio of female chief executive officers?

  One in three
• What do some sociologists argue about female expectations and patriarchal control?

  They enforce control through informal mechanisms
• Who examined the chivalry thesis in sociology?

  Otto Pollock
• What are the main forms of control over women identified by Heidensen?

  • Domestic responsibilities
  • Hierarchical structures in employment
  • Social expectations of behavior
  • Fear of male violence
• What are the implications of Heidensen's research on female criminality?

  • Patriarchal control limits opportunities for crime
  • Changes in society may affect female criminality
  • Social expectations influence women's behavior
• What does the chivalry thesis suggest about female crime rates?

  Female crime is underrepresented in statistics
• What paternalistic attitudes affect the representation of female crime?

  Men protect women, leading to underreporting
• How do police treat crimes committed by females compared to males?

  Less likely to record female crimes
• What is the consequence of the chivalry thesis on female offenders?

  Women often receive lighter punishments
• Why are women's crimes often seen as less harmful?

  Due to societal views on female morality
• What types of crimes are typically associated with women?

  Petty theft, shoplifting, and prostitution
• How was the chivalry thesis applied in the case of Levinia Woodward?

  She was spared jail due to her potential
• What societal attitudes influenced the judge's decision in Woodward's case?

  Paternalistic views on women's roles
• What do self-report studies suggest about gender and crime rates?

  Little difference in criminality between genders
• What percentage of women have a criminal conviction by age 30?

  9%
• How does male criminality differ from female criminality in perception?

  Male criminality is seen as deliberate
• What is the concept of double deviance in female criminality?

  Judged for crime and not being feminine
• How does sentencing for women reflect societal expectations?

  Based on gender roles as wives and mothers
• What issue does Warer highlight regarding female victims?

  Victims are treated as if on trial
• What is the implication of the judicial system's treatment of female victims?

  It reinforces gender discrimination in justice
• What are the key points of the chivalry thesis?

  • Female crime is underreported
  • Paternalistic attitudes lead to lighter sentences
  • Women's crimes viewed as less harmful
  • Social expectations influence judicial outcomes
• What are the criticisms of the chivalry thesis?

  • Discrimination against female criminals
  • Double deviance for women in male domains
  • Sentencing based on gender roles
  • Victim-blaming in cases of assault
• Who's work is examined in the video on feminist theories of crime and deviance?

  Pat Carlin
• What theory does Pat Carlin's research use as a basis?

  Travis Hershey's control theory