language and gender

• What does the term "ameliorate" refer to in language?

  Words changing to become less offensive
• Who proposed the Deficit model in 1922?

  Jespersen
• What is the deficit model in language?

  It believes women's language is inferior
• What does the Deficit model suggest about language use between genders?

  Men and women use language differently
• What does the difference model suggest about men and women's speech?

  They have innate differences in style and function
• What is the diversity model's perspective on language?

  Gender is not the only influence on language
• What does the dominance model explain about language use?

  Differences are due to men's societal dominance
• What does the Deficit model imply about women's capabilities in language?

  Women are weaker and less capable
• According to the Deficit model, how do men and women differ in language use?

  Men use it correctly; women lack proficiency
• What is a filler in speech?

  A meaningless word or sound marking a pause
• Who introduced the concept of language and a woman's place in 1975?

  Lakoff
• What is Lakoff's stance on gender and language?

  Men and women use language differently
• What are gender neutral terms?

  Words that avoid gender bias
• How did Lakoff's teaching experience affect her ideas?

  Her students disagreed, changing her views
• What model suggests men use language for dominance and power?

  Dominance model
• What is a hedge in language?

  A phrase that makes a statement less assertive
• Who wrote 'Man-Made Language' in 1980?

  Spender
• What does heteronormativity refer to?

  The belief that heterosexuality is the norm
• What does Fishman (1980) argue about men's dominance in language?

  Women speak due to men's dominance
• What are marked terms in language?

  Unusual forms of terms with additional suffixes
• What does the Difference model state about gender and language?

  Differences exist, but no gender is superior
• Who proposed the Diversity model in 1990?

  Tannen
• What is a minimal response in conversation?

  Short sounds or words showing listener engagement
• What does the Diversity model suggest about language use?

  Language varies across different groups
• What does pejoration mean in language?

  A phrase's meaning becomes negative over time
• What is Butler's view on gender differences?

  Gender is performative, not inherently different
• What is a pejorative term?

  A judgemental term implying disapproval
• How does Butler's concept of performative gender relate to language use?

  Language reflects performance of gender roles
• What does performativity refer to in communication?

  Using speech to construct or perform identity
• What is a tag question?

  A short question added for agreement
• What are the key models of gender and language discussed?

  • Deficit model
  • Dominance model
  • Difference model
  • Diversity model
  • Performative gender theory
• What are the main arguments of the Deficit, Dominance, and Difference models?

  • Deficit model: Women lack proficiency in language.
  • Dominance model: Men use language for power.
  • Difference model: Gender differences exist without superiority.
• How do the Diversity model and Butler's theory differ from earlier models?

  • Diversity model: Language varies by group, not gender.
  • Butler's theory: Gender is performative, not fixed.