language and gender

• What does the term "ameliorate" refer to in language?

  Words changing to become less offensive
• What is the deficit model in language?

  Belief that women's language is inferior
• What does the difference model suggest about men and women's speech?

  They have innate differences in style and function
• What is the diversity model's perspective on language?

  Gender is not the only influence on language
• What does the dominance model explain about language use?

  Differences are due to men's societal dominance
• What is a filler in speech?

  Meaningless word or sound marking a pause
• What are gender neutral terms?

  Words that avoid gender bias
• What is a hedge in language?

  Phrase that makes a statement less assertive
• What does heteronormativity imply?

  Heterosexuality is considered the norm
• What are marked terms in language?

  Unusual forms of terms with additional suffixes
• What is a minimal response in conversation?

  Short sounds or words showing listener engagement
• What does pejoration mean in language?

  Phrase meaning becomes negative over time
• What is a pejorative term?

  Judgemental term implying disapproval
• What does performativity refer to in communication?

  Using speech to construct or perform identity
• What is a tag question?

  Short question added for agreement or assurance
• Who called the Deficit model in 1922?

  Jespersen
• What does the Deficit model suggest about language use?

  Men and women use language differently
• According to the Deficit model, how do men and women differ in language use?

  Men use it correctly; women lack proficiency
• What does the Deficit model imply about women's abilities?

  Women are weaker in language use
• Who proposed the idea of language and a woman's place in 1975?

  Lakoff
• What does Lakoff agree with regarding language use?

  She agrees with the Deficit model
• How did Lakoff's views change over time?

  Her students disagreed with her ideas
• What model did Lakoff's ideas lead to?

  Dominance model
• What does the Dominance model suggest about language use?

  Men use language for dominance and power
• What book did Spender write in 1980?

  Man-Made Language
• What does Fishman argue about men's dominance in language?

  Men dominate; women speak due to this
• What does the Difference model state about gender and language?

  Differences exist, but no gender is superior
• Who proposed the Diversity model in 1990?

  Tannen
• What does the Diversity model suggest about language?

  Language varies across different groups
• What is Butler's view on gender differences?

  No such thing as gender difference
• What does Butler mean by gender being performative?

  Gender is expressed through performance
• What concept did Murial Schultz introduce in 1975?

  Semantic derogation
• What does semantic derogation refer to?

  Words' connotations worsen over time
• How do positive connotations of words change over time according to Schultz?

  They gradually turn into negative connotations