20th century

• Which century saw the development of women's sport?

  The twentieth century
• After what year were women permitted to compete in the Olympics?

  1914
• During the late twentieth century, how did female sport participation change?

  It grew enormously
• How does female participation in sports compare to male participation?

  Female participation is still lower
• What developments took place in the UK during the twentieth century?

  • Massive development of scientific and technological innovation
  • Many societies became hugely rich, but wealth was still unequally shared
  • Considerable growth of cities (urbanisation)
  • Communications technology made great advances, allowing ideas to spread rapidly and sports and pastimes to become more globalised
  • More time for leisure, less time spent on work and therefore more participation in sport
• By 1900, what changes had taken place in sports?

  Fields were enclosed, games timetabled, and codes written
• By 1900 what type of sports had mostly disappeared?

  Cruel sports
• Which cruel sports remained by 1900?

  Hunting and shooting by the gentry
• What did spectators now have to do to watch sports?

  Pay to watch
• What changed about boxing in the 20th century?

  Competitors fought with gloves on
• What did players of team sports start to wear?

  Numbers on their backs
• What was now fixed in most team sports?

  A fixed number of players per side
• What days were sports events held on?

  Saturdays
• What were teams and spectators now able to do?

  Travel widely around the country
• For working-class men, what was the centre of sporting activity?


  The pub
• What developed in the early part of the twentieth century?

  The sports press
• In horse racing and boxing, who put up the money?

  The upper and middle classes
• In horse racing and boxing, who took part?

  The lower classes
• What was still an essential part of sport?

  Gambling
• What started to feature in sport?

  Spectatorism
• Who had less free time for sport?

  Working men and women
• What role did sport play during the First World War?

  Maintaining troop morale
• Why could clubs afford to pay players?

  Soccer and rugby had become something people watched
• How did the growing crowds of spectators contribute to sport?

  They began to be charged for watching
• What happened to spectator sport after the war?

  It reached new heights of popularity
• How did opposing supporters behave at soccer matches?

  Showed little hostility to each other
• What became overwhelmingly male-dominated?

  Crowds at professional soccer and rugby league games
• What did crowds at professional soccer and rugby league games show?

  A shared sense of community and class
• Why were unemployed and unskilled workers not well represented?

  Because of the cost of spectating
• Why were working-class women excluded from professional sport?

  Constraints of both time and money
• What was the most important piece of educational legislation of the twentieth century?

  The Education Act of 1944
• What is another name for the Education Act of 1944?

  The 'Butler Act'
• What did the Education Act of 1944 replace?

  All previous legislation
• What are the individual's needs, according to the 1944 Education Act?

  Not just academic
• What is the duty of the local education authority?

  Continue spiritual, mental and physical developments
• What principle was reiterated in the Education Reform Act 1988?

  Need for a broadly based curriculum
• What does a broadly based curriculum promote?

  Spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development
• Before comprehensive schools, what was the state education system in England made up of?

  • Grammar schools
  • Secondary modern schools
  • Secondary technical schools
• What was part of all schools curricula?

  Physical education
• What did grammar schools emulate?

  The public school provision of sport