Sociology

• Primary socialization occurs during childhood and is typically carried out by family members and close relatives.
• Primary socialisation typically occurs in childhood and is a basis of a format of socialisation
• Secondary socialisation takes place later on in life, often through formal education or work experience
• secondary socialisation takes place later in life and is formed from children that are in education
• socialisation is the process of learning to become part of society
• Socialisation can be seen as the process whereby individuals acquire the norms, values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviours expected of them within their society
• Norms - rules about how people behave
• Beliefs - ideas held by an individual
• Values - what people believe is important
• Secondary Socialisation - The second stage of socialisation which occurs throughout adulthood when we learn more complex values, beliefs and behavioural patterns.
• Elaborate code is held by the middle class language
• The elaborated code uses longer sentences with more clauses
• Restricted code is a language held by working class students
• Bourdieu's theory of cultural capital suggests that those who have been educated at private schools are likely to be successful because they possess cultural capital (knowledge about art, music etc). This gives them access to high status jobs and higher salaries.
• Cultural Capital - Knowledge gained from education or experience that can lead to success in life
• Economic Capital - Money and property owned by an individual
• Social Capital - Relationships between people that give individuals advantages in society
• Symbolic Violence - When people accept their position in society without questioning it due to lack of knowledge
• Working Classes - Those who don’t have much money but may still have some cultural capital
• Middle Classes - Have more economic capital than working classes but less than upper class
• Upper Classes - Wealthy families with lots of economic capital
• Meritocracy - A system where everyone has equal opportunities based on merit (talent)
• Class Consciousness - The awareness of one's own class status and the differences between different classes
• Habitus - The way we behave based on our social background
• Education is the key to social mobility as it gives access to better jobs, higher wages, and greater life chances.
• Social Mobility - The ability to move up or down social classes over time
• Relative Social Mobility - Movement within the same relative levels of wealth/status compared to others
• Marxist Theory - Classes are divided by their relationship with capital (money) and ownership of means of production
• Proletariat - Workers who sell their labor power to earn money
• Bourgeoisie - Owners of capital who exploit workers through wage labor
• Functionalism - Society needs inequality to function effectively
• Postmodernists - Reject grand theories like Marxism and Functionalism and focus on individual experiences
• Family

  Eli Zaretsky: the family provides comfort to alienated workers so they can carry on working.
• Criticism of zaretsky; Marxist feminists have pointed out that it’s a marxist male dominated perspectives on the family.
• Feminists views on the family-

  Margaret benson 1972:

  husbands must pay for the production and the upkeep of the future labour acts as a strong discipline.

  can not withdraw his labour with A wife and children to support.