Animal Coordination and Control

• The adrenal gland:

  A gland located on top of a kidney that produces the hormone adrenalin
• The endocrine gland is an organ that makes and releases hormones into the blood
• a hormone is a chemical messenger that is released into the blood from an endocrine gland and causes target cells to change how they work
• the hormonal system is the collection of glands in the body that releases hormones. this system controls long-term or widespread responses by the body to changes inside and outside of the body
• the ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that releases egg cells and the hormone oestrogen and progesterone
• the pancreas is an organ in the body that produces some digestive enzyme, as well as the hormones insulin and glucagon
• the pituitary gland is an organ in the body that produces some digestive enzyme, as well as hormones insulin and glucagon
• a sex hormone is any hormone that affects reproduction
• a target organ is an organ on which a hormone has an effect
• the testis are an organ in the male reproductive system that produces sperm cells and the hormone testosterone
• the thyroid gland is the gland that releases the hormone thyroxine into the blood
• the pituitary gland releases multiple hormones such as the growth hormone, follicle simulating hormone and luitinising hormone
• testosterone is produced in the testes. it is responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics and targets cells in many organs
• thyroxine is produced in the thyroid gland. it increases the rate of cellular respiration and targets heart muscle cells
• the growth hormone is produced in the pituitary gland. it increases the rate of growth of many tissues and targets bone cells
• insulin is produced in the pancreas. it increases uptake of glucose from blood, and targets liver cells and muscle cells
• oestrogen is produced in the ovaries and is responsible for the development of the female reproductive system. it targets cells in many organs
• follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is released by the pituitary gland. it stimulates growth and maturation and targets egg follicles in ovaries
• luitenising hormone is released by the pituitary gland. it triggers ovulation and targets mature egg follicles
• glucagon is produced in the pancreas. it is released when blood glucose levels are too low and targets liver cells
• adrenalin is a hormone that is released from the adrenal glands when you are nervous or excited
• the fight-or-flight response are the several responses that prepare the body for sudden action, including increased heart rate, increased blood flow to muscles, and release of glucose into the blood
• glycogen is a polymer storage material made from glucose, particularly in liver cells
• metabolic rate is the overall rate at which chemical reactions take place in the body
• negative feedback is when the body responds to a stimulus to restore homeostasis
• resting metabolic rate is the metabolic rate when the body is at rest
• thyroxine is a hormone released by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism by changing how certain cells work