Memory and Perception

• What are the different types of memory?

  episodic, semantic, working, procedural
• How are these memory types seperate?

  these types of memory can be dissociated from each other and disrupted independently(e.g., by different types of lesion)
• What is the neurology of memory?

  • Hippocampus, Amygdala and related structures in the medial temporal lobe (such as fornix and mammillary body) are responsible for memory
  • very central within the brain
• What is amnesia?

  Memory loss
• What is anterograde amnesia?

  Inability to form new memories, specifically due to damage in the hippocampus, procedural and motor memory is fine
• What is specifically impaired in anterograde amnesia?

  episodic, semantic, perceptual memory
• What causes anterograde amnesia?

  disorders like Korsakoff's syndome, and temporal lobectomy for seizures
• How did HM display anterograde amnesia?

  had a lesion in hippocampus to stop seizures, could not form new memories in LTM
• How did HM still show an intact working memory?

  normal digit span, normal rate of forgetting
• How did HM show disrupted semantic memory and no new episodic memory?

  repoted he was still same age and date, couldnt remember new people or events, could not learn new location of home
• How did HM show an intact motor memory?

  imporvement in mirror tracing task in ST, but lost when pushed to LT
• What is retrograde amnesia?

  Loss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia, specifically involved in damage to the amygdala
• How did HM show temporarily graded retrograde amnesia?

  • Old memories (childhood) intact.
  • Memories immediately before lesion lost
• What is memory consolidation?

  hippocampus may enable consolidation of new memories, which are stored elsewhere, this process must take time possibly decades
• What parts of the brain contribute to vision?

  occipital lobes, PVC, ventral stream, dorsal stream
• What does damage to the ventral stream lead to?

  agnosia- the inability to recognize. A lack of knowing or perception
• What does damage to the dorsal stream lead to?

  optic ataxia- deficits in spatial perception, visuospatial processing and visual guidance of action
• What is visual agnosia?

  Agnosia is modality specific: visual agnosia is impaired recognition or identification of visually presented objects or stimuli
• What are the 2 types of visual agnosia?

  apperceptive and associative
• What is apperceptive visual agnosia?

  Inability to see the whole structure, can only see parts, shown by impairments in drawing and visual recognitions
• What is associative visual agnosia?

  inability to draw from verbal instruction or to recognize objects using vision
• What is prospoagnosia?

  specialised type of agnosia, 2 types (apperceptive and associative)
• What is apperceptive prosopagnosia?

  defined as the inability to even perceive and cognitively process faces
• What is associative prosopagnosia?

  efined as inability to recognize or apply any meaning to the face, despite perceiving it
• How is prospoagnosia formed?

  involves damage to the fusiform gyrus (later renamed fusiform face area) in the lower part of the occipital and temporal lobe
• How do we recognise faces?

  A specialized face-processing system in the brain may process faces ‘holistically’ (as a whole), including configural information
• When is the fusifrom face area also active?

  when observing pictres of birds or cars, shows it is not only conserved with faces