DOMINO EFFECT of PERSPECTIVES

• Psychodynamic Theory (Freud, Jung) 


  Focus: Unconscious mind, childhood trauma, inner conflicts.
• Psychodynamic Theory

  Strengths: First major theory explaining personality; introduced concepts like defense mechanisms.
• Psychodynamic Theory

  Weaknesses: No scientific tools to measure the unconscious → hard to test/falsify.
• Psychodynamic Theory

  • Legacy:
  • Behaviorism (reaction): Rejected Freud’s "unprovable" ideas.
  • Trait Theory (indirect influence): Murray blended psychodynamics with traits.
  • Humanistic (later revival): Jung’s ideas resurfaced in Maslow/Rogers.
• Behaviorism (Watson, Skinner)


  Focus: Personality = learned behavior (conditioning).
• Behaviorism

  Historical Context: Post-WW1/WW2 → "Dehumanized" psychology (focus on observable actions).
• Behaviorism

  • Legacy:
  • Trait Theory: If behavior shapes personality, traits are measurable patterns.
  • Social Cognitive (evolution): Added cognition (Bandura: "Thoughts matter too!").
• Trait Theory (Allport → Costa & McCrae)


  Focus: Personality = stable traits (Big Five: OCEAN).
• Trait Theory

  Key Shift: Allport rejected Freud after meeting him → pushed for empirical traits.
• Trait Theory

  • Legacy:
  • Social Cognitive: Traits + environment + cognition (Bandura).
  • Neurobiological: Modern research links traits to biology (e.g., dopamine).
• Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, Kelly)


  Focus: Traits + environment + personal agency (self-efficacy)
• Social Cognitive Theory

  Key Figure: George Kelly ("People are like scientists" – personal constructs)
• Social Cognitive Theory

  • Legacy:
  • Modern CBT: Therapy based on cognition-behavior loops.
• Humanistic (Maslow, Rogers)


  Focus: Free will, growth, self-actualization.
•  Humanistic

  • Reaction To:
  • Behaviorism (too robotic) + Psychodynamics (too pessimistic).
• Humanistic

  • Legacy:
  • → Positive Psychology (Seligman): Modern study of happiness.
• Neurobiological

  Focus: Personality = brain structures, genes, neurotransmitters.
• Neurobiological

  Irony: Now proving Freud/Jung right (e.g., unconscious bias in fMRI).