Variables

• What do researchers attempt to hold constant in experiments?

  Most variables
• What is the purpose of manipulating variables in an experiment?

  To measure changes in other variables
• What are the types of variables discussed in the video?

  • Independent variables
  • Dependent variables
  • Covariables
  • Extraneous variables
  • Confounding variables
• What do researchers measure in correlational studies?

  Covariables
• What indicates a positive relationship between covariables?

  Both covariables increase together
• What can we say about the relationship between two covariables in correlational research?

  They are associated, not causally linked
• What is the independent variable in an experimental setup?

  The variable that is manipulated by the researcher
• If a researcher alters whether participants receive a drug or placebo, what is this variable called?

  Independent variable
• What is operationalization in research?

  Specifying how a variable is measured
• How might a researcher measure the effectiveness of anger management therapy?

  By using a hostility questionnaire score
• What can researchers claim if they control for extraneous variables?

  A causal relationship between variables
• What are extraneous variables?

  Any variable other than the independent variable
• What are demand characteristics in research?

  Cues that suggest how participants should behave
• What are participant variables?

  Characteristics like age and gender
• What are situational variables?

  Environmental factors influencing performance
• What are order effects in repeated measures design?

  Practice or fatigue affecting performance
• What is a confounding variable?

  A variable that changes systematically with the IV
• How can exhaustion act as a confounding variable?

  It varies with levels of body movement
• What is the purpose of controlling extraneous variables?

  To ensure valid results
• How can random allocation help control participant variables?

  It spreads participant characteristics across groups
• What is a matched pairs design?

  Participants are matched based on characteristics
• What is counterbalancing used for?

  To control for order effects
• What are standardized procedures in research?

  Consistent conditions for all participants
• What is a single-blind trial?

  Participants are unaware of the study's aim
• What is a double-blind trial?

  Both participants and researchers are unaware of the aim
• What is the purpose of pilot studies?

  To identify and correct extraneous variables
• What is peer review in research?

  Feedback from experts on a study
• What might a pilot study reveal about a research study?

  Problems with instructions or procedures
• What are the actions researchers can take to control extraneous variables?

  • Use random allocation
  • Employ matched pairs design
  • Implement counterbalancing
  • Establish standardized procedures
  • Conduct single and double-blind trials
• What are the benefits of using pilot studies and peer review?

  • Identify extraneous variables
  • Improve study design
  • Ensure clarity of instructions
  • Gather feedback from experts