All of paper 2 chem

• The rate of reaction is the change in a quantity divided by time, and can be the quantity of reactant used or product formed, such as mass or volume of gas.
• The experiment for measuring the rate of reaction involves reacting hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulfate in a conical flask sitting over a piece of paper with a cross on as the reaction continues, and stopping the timer when the product form turns the solution cloudy, which is increased turbidity.
• The rate of a reaction can be increased by increasing the concentration of reactants in solution, increasing the pressure of gas reactants, and increasing the surface area of solid reactants.
• Reversible reactions continue to take place in a closed system, and once the products are made, they are able to return to their original reactants.
• Le Chatelier's principle states that if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change, the system will adjust to counteract that change.
• The position of equilibrium can be shifted to the right or left by changing the pressure or concentration of a solution.
• The principle of concentration follows the same principle as temperature, where if you remove molecules from one side of the reaction, the position of equilibrium shifts in that direction, producing more.
• The rate of a reaction can be increased by adding a catalyst, which reduces the activation energy needed for particles to react.
• The rate of a reaction can be increased by increasing the temperature, as particles move more quickly and collide with more energy, increasing the likelihood of reacting.
• The rate of a reaction can be increased by increasing the concentration of reactants in solution, as particles collide more frequently.
• Crude oil is used as a mixture of different length alkanes, which are separated using fractional distillation.
• Alcohols are organic compounds with an O functional group, their names always end with 'ol'.
• Alkenes are hydrocarbons that have a carbon carbon double bond, which can be used to make polymers for Plastics.
• Alkanes are saturated, while alkenes are unsaturated, which can be tested by adding bromine water.
• Alcohols can react with oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water.
• Any reaction that involves the breaking down of one reactant, ammonia, is endothermic.
• Cracking is the process of breaking apart a longer alkane into a shorter alkane and an alken, catalytic cracking requires a temperature of around 550째 c and a catalyst called a zeolite.
• In a reversible reaction, if the forward reaction is exothermic, the reverse reaction must be endothermic and vice versa.
• Steam cracking is a process that uses heat to crack butane, producing ethane and ethene.
• Organic compounds are those that have carbon forming the backbone of the molecules.
• LPG, or liquid petroleum gases, contain a range of chain length alkanes and are used in pressurized containers.
• Crude oil, which consists of mostly hydrocarbons, is the result of Plankton being buried under water a long time ago.
• The rate of a reaction can be increased by increasing the pressure of gas reactants, as particles collide more frequently.
• The rate of a reaction can be increased by increasing the surface area of solid reactants, as particles collide more frequently.
• Full of random stuff, literally.
• Sulfate ions produce a white precipitate when mixed with barium chloride and hydrochloric acid.
• Waste water needs to be treated before being released back into the environment, this involves removing organic matter, microbes, and harmful chemicals.
• Carbon monoxide is an atmospheric pollutant that binds to red blood cells, reducing the amount of oxygen that can be transported around the body.
• Halide ions can be identified by mixing with silver nitrate solution and nitric acid.
• The greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane absorbing longer wavelength radiation and keeping the earth warm without them, we'd freeze.
• Potable water isn't pure water, in fact, pure or distilled water is dangerous to drink in large amounts as there being nothing dissolved in it, water will move into your cells due to osmosis and then become turgid.
• Sludge is the solid stuff that sinks to the bottom.
• Chlorine ions are present, silver chloride is made, a white precipitate.
• Bromide ions produce a cream precipitate.
• Carbonates react with acids to make carbon dioxide gas.
• Going to the toilet creates waste water as do industrial processes, therefore needs to be treated before being released back into the environment.
• Iodide ions produce a yellow precipitate.
• Waste water treatment involves screening and grit removal, sedimentation to produce sludge and effluent, and then treating them separately.
• Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released when fossil fuels are burned, causing acid rain and breathing problems.
• C10 is using resources we need for warmth, shelter, food, and transport.