Eukaryotes

• eukaryotic cell structure key derived traits: nucleus, membrane bound organelles, cytoskeleton
• primary endosymbiosis: eukaryotic cell engulfing a prokaryote
• example of primary endosymbiosis: mitochondria, chloroplast
• secondary endosymbiosis: eukaryotic cell engulfs another eukaryotic cell that undergone primary endosymbiosis
• example of secondary endosymbiosis: red or green algae
• 5 eukaryotic supergroups: archaeplastida, SAR, amoebozoans, opisthokonta, discoba
• archaeplastida shared derived trait: chloroplast via 1 degree endosymbiosis
• examples of archeaplastida: red and green algae
• red algae: mostly multicellular, live in deep tropic waters
• green algae groups: chlorophytes and charophytes
• SAR shared derived trait: 2 degree endosymbiosis of red algae
• SAR major clades: stramenopiles, alveolates, rhizarians
• stramenopiles shared derived trait: flagellum with hair and smooth
• stramenopiles 3 main groups: diatoms, folden algae, brown algae
• alveolates shared derived trait: alveoli - flattened vesicles in plasma membrane
• alveolates groups: dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, cillates
• rhizarians shared derived trait: genetic similarities
• ameobozoans: typical blob shape, lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia
• amoebozoans groups: entamoebas - free-living or parasitic, entamoeba histolytica - amoebic dysentry
• opisthikonta: diverse group, animals, fungi, protists
• opisthokonta groups: nucleariids, choanoflagellates
• nucleariids: protist, closely related to fungi
• choanoflagellates: unicellular, closely related to animals
• discoba shared derived trait: crystalline rod in flagella
• discoba groups: trypanosomes, euglenids
• trypanosomes: often pathogenic
• euglenids: often mixotrophic