Psychology 20 Final Exam

• Social cognitive therapy


  Treatments include modeling, buildingself-efficacy, and facilitating self-regulation of behavior
• Cognitive therapies


  therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions-treatment of anxiety disorders and of unwanted behaviors
• Behavior therapy


  Treatment of problems involves extinguishing unwanted behaviors and shaping and reinforcing desired behaviors via classical and operant conditioning-treatment of phobias, other anxiety disorders, andPTSD
• Borderline personality disorder


  Instability with regard to identity, mood, relationships and includes problems such as impulsivity, feelings of emptiness, suicidal ideation, self-injurious behaviors
• Antisocial personality disorder


  A pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others that includes such problems as deceitfulness, impulsivity, aggressive behavior, recklessness, lack of conscience, irresponsibility, viewing others as prey
• Body dysmorphic disorder


  preoccupation with a perceived defect or flaw in physical appearance that seems insignificant to others
• Hoarding disorder


  persistent difficulty discarding possession that leads to an accumulation of items that interfere with functioning
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder


  repetitive thoughts; images or impulses that are unwelcome, produce anxiety, and are difficult to control (obsessions)repetitive behaviors that are also difficult to control and that reduce anxiety associated with the obsessions (compulsions)
• Generalized anxiety disorder


  being worried and fearful of many different things, including health, finances, weather, family, etc
• Panic disorder


  experience of a sudden severe fear response in the absence of any sort of realistic threat
• Social anxiety


  fear of being humiliated in front of others in one or more social situations
• Agoraphobia


  a person's fear of being out in some situation away fromsafety and being unable to escape should they experienceoverwhelming panic or in some other way become suddenlyincapacitated
• Specific phobia


  an irrational fear of some specific object or situation
• Interpersonal Conflict


  -occurs if a person believes that another stands inthe way of something of value-Competition for scarce resources, revenge, attribution of selfish motives to others, misperceptions
• Cognitive dissonance


  -When our actions do not match our beliefs, we tend to create an excuse to relieve our feelings of discomfortTo resolve this dissonance/return to a comfortable mental state:1. Change the internal belief or external reality2. Logically justify why belief and reality don't match up3. Ignore all facts that contradict your beliefs
• Altruism


  unselfish regard for the welfare of others
• Conformity + Asch

  Following a group's standards, methods, or behavior as a result of unspoken group pressure, real or imagined. Experiment: college students identify which of three lines on one card was the same length as a line on another card in the presence of others, who unbeknownst to the participant, were all in on the study. When other people gave the wrong answer before the participant replied, the participant was more likely to agree to give the incorrect answer.
• Bystander Effect


  behavior is influenced by the number of people available to interveneDiffusion of responsibility: the tendency for individuals to think others will help, so they do not intervenePluralistic ignorance: the tendency to do nothing because others are doing nothing
• just-world phenomenon


  the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
• Prejudice


  a positive or negative (generally negative) attitude formed about others because of their membership in a group
• Fundamental attribution error


  overestimating internal (personal) influences and underestimating external (situational) influences when judging the behavior of others
• Creative thinking


  ability to think in unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems
• Divergent Thinking


  Type of thinking in which the number of possible solutions is expanded to include multiple feasible solutions
• Convergent Thinking


  Type of thinking in which the number of possible solutions is narrowed down to the single best solution
• concept


  mental representation of objects and categories
• prototype


  mental representation of the "best example" of a concept
• mnemonics


  memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
• recency effect


  tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well
• primacy effect


  tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well
• Loftus and Palmer


  misformation introduced after an event can alter our recollection of the original event-car crash study (hit vs. smash)
• Nondeclarative - Classical conditioning


  memory for associations formed between two stimuli
• Nondeclarative - Procedural memory


  memory for the process involved in completing a task after the task is well learned and has become automatic
• Nondeclarative - Priming


  automatic process that can enhance speed and accuracy of a response as a result of past experiencerepetition priming: faster when seen it recentlysemantic priming: faster when see related info
• Nondeclarative memory


  influences our current perceptions and behavior withoutour knowledge, awareness, or intention
• Declarative - Semantic memory


  long-term memory system that stores general knowledge
• Declarative - Episodic memory


  long-term memory system that stores information about specific events or episodes related to one's own life
• Declarative - Working memory


  short-term memory system that allows us to store and process limited amounts of information of an immediate sense (2-18sec)
• Declarative memory


  memory system that is controlled consciously, intentionally, and flexibly
• Retrieval


  the process of getting information out of memory storage
• Rehearsal


  the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage