Sociology edu

• Who identified the concept of speech codes?

  Bernstein
• How do speech codes disadvantage working-class children?

  Elaborated code is used by teachers
• What advantage do middle-class pupils have in education according to Bernstein?

  Early socialisation into the elaborated code
• What do working-class parents value less according to Douglas?

  Education
• What is a consequence of working-class parents' attitudes towards education?

  Less encouragement for educational activities
• What do many working-class parents fail to attend?

  Parents evening
• How many key acts did Sugarmann identify as barriers to educational achievement?

  Four
• What are Sugarmann's four key acts that hinder working-class educational achievement?

  • Fatalism: belief in unchangeable status
  • Collectivism: valuing group over individual
  • Immediate gratification: seeking pleasure now
  • Present time orientation: prioritizing present over future
• What does Bourdieu suggest about middle-class children and cultural capital?

  They are better equipped for school demands
• How can parents convert cultural capital into economic capital?

  By sending children to private schools
• How does poor housing affect pupils' achievement?

  It affects both directly and indirectly
• What is a consequence of overcrowding in homes for students?

  Disturbed sleep affecting school performance
• What issue do families in temporary accommodation face?

  Frequent moves disrupting education
• What health issue is linked to poor housing conditions?

  Higher risk of illness and accidents
• What nutritional issue do young people from poorer homes face?

  Lower intakes of energy and vitamins
• How does poor nutrition affect children's health?

  It weakens their immune system
• Who studied the effects of labelling on students?

  Becker
• How do teachers judge and label pupils according to Becker?

  By how closely they fit the "ideal pupil"
• What is a consequence of negative labelling by teachers?

  It dampens students' motivation
• What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in education?

  Positive labels lead to improved self-concept
• Who conducted a study on self-fulfilling prophecy?

  Rosenthal and Jacobson
• What did Rosenthal and Jacobson inform teachers about?

  Students who scored highly on an IQ test
• What was the outcome for students identified as 'spurts' in the study?

  47% made significant improvement
• What did Gillborn and Youdell find about working-class students?

  They were labelled as unintelligent
• What are the two ways pupil subcultures develop according to Lacey?

  Polarisation and differentiation
• What is polarisation in pupil subcultures?

  Pupils move to pro or anti-school subcultures
• What did Hargreaves find about boys in lower streams?

  They were labelled as "worthless louts"
• What was the solution for boys labelled as failures?

  Forming a group for status among peers
• What did Archer et al find about working-class pupils' identities?

  They invest in 'nike' identities
• How do 'nike' identities affect working-class pupils' education?

  They lead to self-exclusion from education
• Why do working-class pupils see education as unrealistic?

  It is perceived for richer and cleverer people
• What do working-class pupils find undesirable about education?

  It does not suit their habitus