PCOG

• Cardiac Glycosides: Inhibit Na/K/ATPase pump, increase influx of Ca2+ ions, used to control rapid ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter.
• O-glycosides: The sugar part is linked with an alcoholic or phenolic hydroxyl or carboxyl group.
• S-glycosides: The sugar is attached to a sulfur atom of the aglycone.
• N-glycosides: The sugar is linked with the nitrogen atom of an amino group of the aglycone.
• Anthraquinone Glycosides: Derivatives of anthraquinone, have a laxative effect, mainly found in dicot plants except for the Liliaceae which are monocots.
• Pharmacognosy is the knowledge of drugs or pharmaceuticals and deals with the biologic, biochemical, and economic features of natural drugs and their constituents originated from plants and animals.
• The backbone of HMO is the disaccharide lactose which is formed by the linkage between galactose and glucose sugars.
• Lactose is milk sugar and is made up of glucose and galactose.
• Mannitol and sorbitol are products of reductive metabolism and have various uses.
• Other products of reductive metabolism include cherry juice and plant acids like citric acid, lactic acid, and tartaric acid.
• Sucrose is table sugar and is made up of glucose and fructose.
• Maltose is malt sugar and is produced when amylase breaks down starch or when glucose is caramelized.
• Pharmacognosy is also known as the study of crude drugs.
• The most common disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
• Disaccharides are carbohydrates formed when 2 simple sugars undergo condensation reaction, eliminating a small molecule like water.
• Palmae - Arecaceae
• Caffeine - stimulant, diuretic, dietetic
• Caffeine-1,3,7 - trimethylxanthine
• Theobromine - diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant
• Umbelliferae - Apiaceae
• Caffeine - possess central stimulating action
• Theophylline-1,3 - dimethylxanthine
• The history of pharmacognosy includes contributions from the Babylonians, Ayurveda, Egyptians, Greeks (Dioscorides and Galen), Germans (Caseydlar and Schmidt).
• Theobromine-3,7 -dimethylxanthine
• Misoprostol: A prostaglandin E1 analogue that inhibits gastric acid secretion and produces uterine contractions.
• Cathinone - amphetamine-like stimulant
• Dinoprostone: A prostaglandin E2 uterine stimulant approved for termination of second trimester pregnancy.
• Colchicine - suppressant for gout
• Carboprost: A prostaglandin used to stimulate contraction of the gravid uterus and terminate second trimester pregnancy.
• Theophylline - stimulant, astringent
• Prostaglandins: A type of prostaglandin called derived from essential, unsaturated FA (arachidonic acid) that are mediators of platelet aggregation, pain, and inflammation.
• Compositae - Asteraceae
• Alprostadil: A prostaglandin E1 analog that produces vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation, and stimulates smooth muscle.
• Gramineae - Poaceae
• Volatile Oils: Ethereal oils or essential oils that are odorous, evaporate when exposed to air, and are soluble in alcohol and organic solvents.
• Cruciferae - Brassicaceae
• Terpenes: Natural products whose structures are divided into isoprene units.
• Labiatae - Lamiaceae
• Monoterpenes: Terpenes composed of 2 isoprene units.
• Crude drugs are vegetable or animal drugs that have undergone only the process of collection and drying.