Chapter 2

• Comparison group – a group in an experiment whose levels of IV differ from those of the treatment group in a meaningful way
• Confounds – when you think one thing caused an outcome but other things changed too
• Probabilistic – findings do not explain all cases all of the time
• Availability heuristic – bias in intuition where people incorrectly estimate the frequency of something, relying on instances that easily come to mind rather than using all possible evidence
• Present/present bias – bias in intuition where people incorrectly estimate the relationship between and event and its outcome
• Confirmation bias – tendency to consider only the evidence that supports a hypothesis – only asking the questions that will lead to the expected answer
• Empirical journal articles – report (first hand) the results of an empirical research study – details about method/statistical tests + results of study
• Review journal articles – summarise + integrate all published studies that have been done in one research area
• Meta-analysis – combines the results of many studies + gives a number that summaries the magnitude or effect size of a relationship
• Components of an empirical journal article

  Abstract – summary of article inc hypotheses method + major results

  Intro – explain topic of study

  Method – how study was conducted

  Results – quantitative + qualitative results inc stats tests

  Discussion – summarises research question

  References