Organic Synthesis

• alkane to alkene = Ni catalyst
• alkene to haloalkane = hydrogen halide
• haloalkane to nitrile = CN- and ethanol
• haloalkane to amine = NH3 and ethanol
• nitrile to amine = H2 and Ni
• nitrile to carboxylic acid = water, HCl and heat = acid hydrolysis
• primary alcohol to aldehyde = K2Cr2O7/ H+, distillation = oxidation
• primary alcohol to carboxylic acid = K2Cr2O7/ H+ and reflux = oxidation
• secondary alcohol to ketone = K2Cr2O7/ H+ and reflux = oxidation
• aldehyde to primary alcohol = NaBH4 = reduction
• ketone to secondary alcohol = NaBH4 = reduction
• carboxylic acid to ester = alcohol and conc H2SO4 = condensation
• carboxylic acid to acyl chloride = SOCl2
• acyl chloride to carboxylic acid = water = nucleophilic substitution
• acyl chloride to primary amide = ammonia
• acyl chloride to secondary amide = primary amine = nucleophilic addition-elimination
• acyl chloride to ester = alcohol = condensation
• ketone to hydroxynitrile = NaCN (aq)/ H+ (aq) = addition
• acid hydrolysis of ester --> carboxylic acid & alcohol
• alkane to alkene = H2 & Ni catalyst = reduction
• alcohol to alkene = conc. sulphuric acid
• alkane to haloalkane = UV light & halogen = free radical substitution
• haloalkane to alcohol = NaOH & reflux
• alcohol to haloalkane = sodium halide & H2SO4