Exam Review (ERQ's)

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Cards (115)

Archaea:
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Asexual
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
Cell walls without peptidoglycan
Bacteria:
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Asexual
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
Cells with peptidoglycan (a coat of sugars)
Protista:
Eukaryotic
Most unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular
Most asexual, some sexual (ex: slime moulds)
Heterotrophic and autotrophic
Cell walls with cellulose in some, some protists have chloroplasts
Fungi:
Eukaryotic
Most multicellular, some unicellular
Asexual and sexual
Heterotrophic
Cell walls made of chitin
Plantae:
Eukaryotic
Most multicellular, some unicellular
Asexual and sexual
Most autotrophic, some also heterotrophic (ex: Venus fly trap)
Cell walls made of cellulose, chloroplasts
Animalia:
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Most sexual, some asexual
Heterotrophic
No cell walls or chloroplasts
Methanogens:
Methane-producing
Live in oxygen-free environments such as swamps, marshes, sewage disposal plants and deep sea vents
Use CO2 or N2 gas or hydrogen sulphide (H2S) as a source of energy
Give off methane gas as a waste product
Halophiles:
Salt-loving
Live in extremely saline environments (up to 15% concentrated) such as salt pools and seas
So well-adapted that they cannot live in weaker salt solutions (ex: 3.5% seawater)
Thermoacidophiles:
Heat- and acid-loving
Live in extremely hot and acidic environments such as hot sulphur springs, volcanoes and deep-sea vents
Use various substances as sources of energy (ex: sulphur from hot springs)
Grow best at temperatures above 80°C
Psychrophiles:
Cold-loving
Grow best at temperatures between -20°C and -10°C
Found mostly in the Antarctic and Arctic Oceans and cold ocean depths
Bacteria can be classified by:
Gram Stain (Cell Wall Composition)
Shape and Arrangement
Respiration
Type of Nutrition
Gram Stain (Cell Wall Composition):
Gram-Positive: Thick protein layer, stains purple
Gram-Negative: Thin protein layer + outer membrane, stains red
Shape and Arrangement:
Shape:
Cocci (singular = coccus) - round
Bacilli (singular = bacillus) - rod-shaped
Spirilli (singular = spirillum) - spiral-shaped
Arrangement:
Mono - single
Diplo - double
Strepto - chain
Staphylo - clump
Respiration:
Aerobic - requires oxygen
Anaerobic - doesn't require oxygen
Obligate - dies when exposed to oxygen
Facultative - can grow both with or without oxygen
Type of Nutrition:
Heterotroph - takes up molecules from the environment OR by eating other organisms
Photoautotroph - uses sunlight to turn carbon dioxide into sugars
Photoheterotroph - takes up molecules from the environment AND by eating other organisms
Chemoheterotroph - uses energy released from chemical reactions that involve ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, etc.
Animal-Like Protists:
Most are unicellular
No cell walls
Mostly motile
Live in moist environments
Some cause disease
Examples: Amoeba, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, Paramecium
Plant-Like Protists:
Some are unicellular, some are multicellular
Cell walls
Found in aquatic/moist environments
Perform photosynthesis
Examples: Volvox, Ulva, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, Euglena
Fungi-Like Protists:
Difficult to classify because they share characteristics with protozoa, plants and fungi
Motile
Ingest their food
Cell walls with cellulose
Produce spores
Example: Phytophthora
Fungi can be identified by the following features:
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Multicellular (mostly)
Typically not motile
Alternation of generations
Cell walls made of chitin
Most are terrestrial
Feed via extracellular digestion
There are four main groups of fungi:
Zygospore
Club
Sac
Imperfect
Zygospore Fungi:
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Produce zygospores during sexual reproduction
Example: Bread mould
Club Fungi:
Short-lived reproductive structures called basidiocarps that form basidiospores
Examples: Mushrooms, Bracket fungi
Sac Fungi:
Finger-like sacs called asci form during sexual reproduction
Spores are produced at the tips of the hyphae during asexual reproduction
Examples: Mildews, Morels, Truffles, Yeast
Imperfect Fungi:
"Imperfect" because they don't have a sexual phase
Examples: Penicillium, P. roquefort, Deuteromycetes, Cyclosporine
Non-Vascular Plants:
No vascular tissue
No true leaves, roots or stems
Rely on moisture and proximity to water to survive and exchange gametes to reproduce
Do not grow tall because there is no tissue to support that growth
Vascular Plants:
Specific system of vascular tissue to transport materials throughout the plant
Xylem carries water and minerals up
Phloem carries sugars up and down
Cell walls contain lignin which is extremely strong and allows the plants to grow in height
Gymnosperms:
Conifers
Reproductive structures are the cones
Seeds are not protected or enclosed in an ovary
Seeds are exposed on the surfaces of the cone scales
Angiosperms:
Flowering plants
Reproductive structures are the flowers
Seeds are completely protected and enclosed by an ovary
Ovary develops into a fruit after pollination
Animals can be identified by the following characteristics:
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
No cell walls
Motile at some point in their life cycle
Form a blastula during embryological development
The 10 major phyla of the Animal Kingdom are:
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Nematoda (Roundworms)
Annelida (Segmented)
Molluscs
Arthropods
Echinodermata
Chordates
Rotifera
Porifera:
Neither protostome nor deuterostome
Acoelomate
No symmetry
No digestive system
No nervous system
No respiratory system
No circulatory system
Examples: Scypha, Hyalonema, Spongilia
Cnidaria:
Neither protostome nor deuterostome
Acoelomate
Radial symmetry
Bag digestive system
Nerve net
No respiratory system
No circulatory system
Examples: Jellyfish, Hydra, Anemone
Platyhelminthes (Flatworms):
Protostome
Acoelomate
Bilateral symmetry
Tube digestive system
Ganglia (nerve clusters) and ventral nerve cords
No respiratory system
No circulatory system
Examples: Planeria, Schistosoma, Faschiola
Nematoda (Roundworms):
Protostome
Pseudocoelomate
Bilateral symmetry
Tube digestive system
Ganglion with ventral nerve cords
No respiratory system
No circulatory system
Examples: Pinworms, Hookworms, Threadworms
Annelida (Segmented):
Protostome
Coelomate
Bilateral symmetry
Tube digestive system
Two ventral nerve cords attached to ganglia in each segment, pair of cerebral ganglia in the head
No respiratory system
Closed circulatory system
Examples: Earthworms, Leeches, Sea mice
Molluscs:
Protostome
Coelomate
Bilateral symmetry
Tube digestive system
Nerve ring with nerve cords
Gills in mantle cavity (aquatic), mantle cavity serves as a lung (terrestrial)
Open circulatory system
Examples: Snails, Clams, Squids
Arthropods:
Protostome
Coelomate
Bilateral symmetry
Tube digestive system
Ventral nerve cord with several ganglia, cords fuse into a larger ganglion (brain) in the head region
Feathery gills (aquatic), tracheal tubes (terrestrial), book lungs (spiders)
Open circulatory system
Examples: Insects, Crustaceans, Spiders
Echinodermata:
Deuterostome
Coelomate
Bilateral symmetry
Tube digestive system
Nerve ring and nerve cords along each arm
Simple gills or specialized tube feet or pockets
No circulatory system
Examples: Sea stars, Sea urchins, Sea cucumbers
Chordates:
Deuterostome
Coelomate
Bilateral symmetry
Tube digestive system
Dorsal hollow tube with dorsal hollow nerve cords
Gills (aquatic), lungs (terrestrial)
Closed circulatory system
Examples: Reptiles, Amphibians, Mammals
Monocots:
Seed embryos have one cotyledon
Long, thin leaves
Fibrous root system
Parallel leaf veins
Petals, sepals and reproductive structures arranged in multiples of three
Sheath that surrounds the shoot pushes straight upward and breaks through the soil's surface, shoot grows upward through the protective tunnel, first leaves begin to expand and produce food through photosynthesis after exposed to light
Examples: corn, grass, orchids, lilies