misleading information

• What is an eyewitness?

  Someone who has seen a crime
• What does eyewitness testimony involve?

  Recalling details of observed events
• How can eyewitness testimony be affected?

  By misleading information and anxiety
• What was the mean estimated speed for 'contacted' in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  31.8 mph
• What was the mean estimated speed for 'smashed' in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  40.5 mph
• What does the response-bias explanation suggest?

  Wording influences how participants answer
• What does the substitution explanation imply?

  Wording changes the participant's memory
• What did Loftus and Palmer find regarding broken glass reports?

  Those who heard 'smashed' reported more glass
• What is post-event discussion?

  When witnesses discuss the crime with others
• How does post-event discussion affect eyewitness testimony?

  It can contaminate their memories
• What percentage of participants in Gabbert et al.'s study recalled false details?

  71%
• What was the percentage of false recall in the control group of Gabbert et al.'s study?

  0%
• What is memory conformity?

  Witnesses go along with each other
• What are the key terms related to misleading information in eyewitness testimony?

  • Eyewitness testimony
  • Misleading information
  • Leading question
  • Post-event discussion
  • Response-bias explanation
  • Substitution explanation
• What were the methods and findings of Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study?

  • Participants watched car accident clips
  • Asked about speed using leading questions
  • Mean speeds: 'contacted' = 31.8 mph, 'smashed' = 40.5 mph
  • Leading questions biased recall
• What were the methods and findings of Gabbert et al.'s (2003) study?

  • Participants watched crime videos from different angles
  • Discussed what they saw before recall test
  • 71% recalled false details from discussion
  • Control group had 0% false recall