PSY 250 Exam 1

• What are the three domains of development?

  physical, cognitive, emotional and social
• Physical domain of development are changes in?

  Body size, appearance, function of body systems
• Cognitive domain of development are changes in?

  intellectual ability, attention, memory, academic performance
• Emotional/social domain of development are changes in?

  emotional communication, self-understanding, and interpersonal skills
• What are the stages (periods) of development?

  Prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.
• What are the two goals of developmental psychology?

  Mechanisms and trajectories of development
• What are the three key issues in developmental psychology?

  Continuity vs. discontinuity, universal vs. variable development, and nature vs. nuture
• What is resilience in developmental psychology?

  The ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development
• What are four factors influencing resilience?

  Personal characteristics

  Warm parental relationship

  Social support outside the family

  Community resources and opportunities
• What was the historical view held by Puritans on development?

  Puritans believed children were tainted by original sin
• What was the historical view held by John Locke regarding development?

  Viewed children as a blank slate (tabula rasa)
• What was the historical view held by Jean-Jacques Rosseau regarding development?

  Believed kids are noble savages, harmed by parental training
• What was the historical view held by Charles Darwin regarding development?

  compared species in an evolutionary context
• What was the historical view held by Hall and Gesell regarding development?

  Normative approach
• What was the normative approach held by Hall and Gesell?

  when measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent development in normative information
• What are the four assumptions of the lifespan perspective?

  Development is:

  lifelong

  multidimensional (domains overlap) & multidirectional (lose capacity to gain capacity)

  plastic (adaptive and responsive)

  embedded into multiple contexts
• What are the contexts of development?

  Age-graded

  History-graded

  Nonnormative
• What is age-graded context in development?

  Development tied to age
• What is history-graded context in development?

  Effect of historical events
• What is the nonnormative context in development?

  Unusual or atypical circumstances or events that can impact development.
• What are the two main ways children respond to stress?

  internalization and externalization
• What is usually involved in internalization?

  anxiety and stress
• What emotions are usually associated with externalization?

  anger and aggression
• Influences of SES on parenting for poor children

  parents are stressed, which impacts parenting availability
• Influences of SES for the middle class on parenting

  most families are resilient and inclusive in their relationship with their children
• Influences of SES on affluent parents?

  Even kids from affluent families are at risk due to poor parenting, not being around

  have higher level of development and education than lower SES families
• What is the scope of Freud's psychosexual theory?

  personality and childhood development
• What is the scope of Erikson's psychosocial theory?

  Lifespan development
• What is the scope of behaviorism?

  observable behavior
• What is the scope of social cognitive learning theory?

  cognitive
• What is the scope of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

  cognitive
• What is the scope of information processing approach?

  cognitive
• What is the scope of developmental neuroscience?

  brain development
• What is the scope of Vgotsky's sociocultural theory?

  social and cultural cognitive development
• What is the scope of ethology and evolutionary developmental psychology?

  behavioral development
• What is the scope of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?

  environmental and social
• What is the scope of dynamic systems theory?

  changing behavioral response to varying environments
• Naturalistic observation

  observation of behavior in natural contexts
• structured observation

  observation of behavior in a lab, with set conditions
• clinical interview

  interview procedure where investigator obtains account of participant's thoughts