The golgi can label proteins to ensure they end up in the right destination
The golgi can modify proteins, often adding non-protein components such as carbohydrates
The proteins and lipids produced from the RER are passed through the golgi apparatus in a strict sequence
Vesicles: smooth rounded hollow structures
Membranes are folded to form cisternae because it produces a large surface area
Golgi apparatus contain cisternae (flattened sacs of folded membranes)
The golgi apparatus appears in every eukaryotic cell and is similar to that of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Lamellae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum make up the double membrane
The SER is more tubular in appearance and is involved in the synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates
The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on the outer surface of the membranes
The RER provides a pathway for the transport of materials throughout the cell
The membranes of the RER enclose a network of tubules and flattened sacs called cisternae
The RER is continuous with the outer nucleus membrane
The RER is an elaborate, three dimensional stem of sheet-like membranes, spreading through the cytoplasm of the cells
Soluble products inside a golgi vesicle can be absorbed into the cytoplasm
The golgi has two faces: cis and trans
The golgi vesicles can travel to the cell surface where they can fuse with the membrane, releasing their contents to the outside
When sorted, the modified proteins and lipids are transported in golgi vesicles which are pinched off from the ends of the golgi cisternae
Chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells, being either biconcave or planoconvex in shape.
Chloroplast can be found in the mesophyll of plant leaves. And are spheroid, discoid or ovoid shaped too.
Chloroplasts are vesicular and have a colourless centre and has ends that are filled with chlorophyll
Chloroplast: The outer membrane is semi porous and is permeable to small molecules and ions, diffusing easily. However, not permeable to larger proteins
Chloroplast: The intermembrane space is 10-20nm between the inner and outer membranes
Chloroplast: The inner membrane is the border to the stroma and regulates the passage of materials. Synthesising fatty acids, lipids and cartenoids
Chloroplast: The thylakoid system is suspended in the stroma. It is a collection of membraneous sacs. Alongside chlorophyll being found here. Chlorophyll is the site in which light reactions for photosynthesis take place
Thylakoids are in stacks known as granums. Granums consist of 10-20 thylakoids
Chloroplasts carry out the absorption of light energy then being converted into biological energy
Chloroplast granal membranes provide a large surface area for the attachment of chlorophyll, electron carriers and enzymes. These carry out the last stages of photosynthesis . These are ordered in a strict fashion
The fluid of the stroma contains all the enzymes needed in order to make sugars in the second stage of photosynthesis
Chloroplasts contain both DNA and ribosomes in order to be able to quickly and easily manufacture their own proteins
Mitochondria has a folded inner membrane so that it has a larger surface area in order to attach to enzymes and proteins needed for respiration. This is called the cristae
mitochondria matrix is equivalent to cytoplasm but is more liquid in nature. Containing proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA
Mitochondria has it's own ribosomes and DNA in order to control its production of proteins and enzymes and it means it is quicker to produce proteins
Mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration and is the site of ATP synthesis
The golgi vesicles are made from lysosomes. Lysosomes contains lysozymes which digest the cell contents
Lysosome is an organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes used to break down macromolecules such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins
All plant cells have a cell wall
Cell walls consist of microfibrils from the polysaccharide cellulose, embedded in a matrix. Microfibrils are considerably strong so contribute to the strength of the cell wall
Cell walls provide mechanical strength in order to prevent the cell bursting under the pressure created by the osmic entry of water. Giving strength to the plant as a whole. Alongside contributing to the movement of water through the plant
Cell walls have a thin layer called the middle lamellae which is the boundary between adjacent cell walls and cements the adjacent cells together.