microbes

• The cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan, which provides strength to the bacterial cell.
• Bacteria have flagella that allow them to move through their environment by rotating or whipping back and forth.
• Some bacteria also have pili, which are hair-like structures used for attachment and transferring genetic material between cells.
• Peptidoglycan consists of alternating sugars (N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylluramic acid) crosslinked by short polypeptide chains.
• Bacteria have different types of flagella that allow them to move through their environment.
• Flagellar motors are powered by proton gradients generated by ATP synthase.
• Some bacteria also have pili (fimbriae) on their surface, which are used for attachment and transferring genetic material during conjugation.
• Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
• Eukaryotes have a true nucleus with nuclear pores, while prokaryotes do not.
• Flagellum - A long filamentous structure on the surface of some bacteria that allows it to swim.
• Gram staining involves using crystal violet dye followed by iodine solution, then decolorizing with alcohol, and finally counterstained with safranin.
• Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles, and nucleus.
• Eukaryotes have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores, while prokaryotes do not have a true nucleus but instead contain DNA associated with proteins called histones.
• Fimbriae/Pilus - Short, thin, flexible appendages found on many bacteria that can be involved in adhesion to surfaces and other functions.