Basic Organic

• Hydrocarbons = compound containing only Carbon and Hydrogen
• Saturated = has single bonds only
• Unsaturated = contains carbon to carbon multiple bonds
• Homologous Series = family of compounds with similar chemical properties, whose successive members differ by the addition of a CH2 group
• Functional Group = part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecules chemical properties and reactions
• Aliphatic = Carbon atoms that are joined to each other in unbranched, or branched, or non-aromatic rings
• Alicyclic = Carbon atoms that are joined to each other by cyclic (rings) structures, with or without branches
• Aromatic = some or all Carbon atoms are found in a benzene rings
• Alkanes - contain single C-C bonds, CnH2n+2

  Alkenes - contain at least one double C-C bonds, CnH2n

  Alkynes - contain at least one triple C-C bonds, CnH2n-2
• Alkyl group = side chains formed by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane parent chain
• General formula = Simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series
• Empirical formula = shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each elements present in a compound
• Molecular formula = shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule. E.g. C4H10
• Structural formula = showing the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule. CH3(CH2)2CH3 - butane
• Displayed formula = showing the relative position of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonding between them
• Skeletal formula = simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just the carbon skeleton and associated functional group
• Structural isomers = molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
• Sigma bond = result of the overlap of two orbitals, one from each bonding atom in the single covalent bonds
• As number of carbon atoms in chain increases, molecules have a larger surface area, more surface contact is possible between molecules, boiling point increases as intermolecular forces between molecules will be greater, more energy is needed to overcome
• Alkanes

  The greater the intermolecular force, the higher the boiling point