Genetics Terms

• phenotype is the physical characteristic of genotypes
• monohyrbrid crosses predict the probability of inheriting one trait
• Dihybrid crosses predict the probability of inheriting two traits
• dihybrid crosses are used for unlinked traits- that does not affect the other
• FOIL stands for First, Outer, Inner, Last
• Law of Dominance – distinct elements termed as factors, control the characteristics. These factors at all times are a couple. One of the constituent genes of the couple dominates over the former.
• Law of Segregation – Alleles don’t blend, and the two characteristics are recuperated all through the gamete formation (in the F2 generation). The characters are apart from each other and pass on to diverse gametes. Comparable kinds of gametes are produced by Homozygous and Heterozygous produces diverse sorts of a gamete with varied characteristics.
• Incomplete dominance- both the alleles do not display a dominant trait resulting in a fine combination or a midway amid the characteristics of the alleles.
• The occurrence due to which a modification in DNA happens and causes a variation in the phenotype and genotype of a creature is termed a Mutation.
• Gregor Mendel was the scientist who proposed the laws of inheritance
• Homozygous produce comparable types of gametes
• Heterozygous produces diverse sorts of a gamete with varied characteristics.
• Homozygous - Both the alleles are identical
• Phenotypes are observable traits that can be seen, measured, or counted
• Phenotypic Ratio - prediction of proportion of individuals exhibiting different traits in a population
• Heterozygous - two alleles that differ from one another
• Phenotypic ratio - It refers to the proportion of individuals that have different traits based on their genotype.
• Genotypes are genetic makeup
• Genetic Ratio - It refers to the probability of inheriting specific genes based on the parent's genotype.
• Alleles are different versions of genes at one location on a chromosome
• Dominant Allele masks the recessive allele
• Dominant Allele - An allele that masks the expression of another allele when present as a heterozygote.
• Genetic Variation - Refers to differences among organisms due to variations in genes.
• The law of segregation is also known as Mendel’s first law.
• Mendel's Law of Segregation states that during gamete formation (meiosis), pairs of homologous chromosomes separate so that each gamete receives only one member of each pair.
• Parent generation is the true-breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for "parental."
• F1 generation is the first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross.
• F2 generation is the offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self-pollination) of the hybrid FF1 generation.
• The Law of Segregation- Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation.
• An allele is any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
• Dominant allele- an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote (only needs one copy to be expressed)
• Recessive allele is whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote - it is "masked" or hidden. Need 2 copies of recessive allele to show recessive trait.
• A punnet square is a diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype.
• The Law of Independent Assortment- Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair during gamete formation
• incomplete dominant- the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individual homozygous for either allele.
• Codominance- The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.
• Multiple alleles- Three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait.
• Polygenic- Traits that are controlled by more than one gene
• Hybrid- a heterozygous, an organism that has two different alleles for a trait
• Purebred (aka: true-breeding)- see homozygous, an organism that always produces offspring with the same form of a trait as the parent