Biology JMSS prep

• Cognitive load refers to the total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory during learning.
• Photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that green plants use to produce a sugar called glucose
• glucose is stored as chemical energy and can be used for all th eprocesses that support life such as growth, repair,reproduction, and movement.
• in photosynthesis, the word sunlight above the arrow shows that energy from the sun is absorbed during this reaction.
• photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction.
• chlorophyll is the chemical that makes plants green
• chloropyll is written under the arroew to show that chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis, but it is not used up in the reaction.
• As long as a plant has enough sunlight, carbon dioxode and water, it can manufacture its own food.
• photosynthesis take place in any parts of a plant that is green
• photosynthesis needs carbon dioxide and water as its reactants, and it needs sunlight to power its reactants and chlorophyll to make them work.
• All the raw materials need to be brought together in the chloroplasts of the leaf cell before photosynthesis can take place.
• Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere through tiny openings called stomata.
• stomata is also where the oxygen produced by photosynthesis is released back into the atmosphere
• once the water and carbon dioxide are inside the plant's cells, they enter the chloroplasts
• chloroplasts contain the chlorophyll necessary for photosynthesis to take place.
• when sunlight enters the chloroplasts, photosyntehsis takes place.
• chloroplasts contain enzymes that act as helper chemicals that speed up the reactions of photosynthesis.
• while photosynthesis is taking place in the chloroplasts of the plant's cell, respitration is taking placein the mitochondria.
• respiration releases chemical stored in glucose molecules.
• the energy released by the respiration can then be used for bilogical processes.
• animal cells also have mitochondria to peform respiration
• animal cells do not have chloroplats unlike plant cells. for this reason they must get the glucose needed from the food they eat.
• when u are breathing in, you are absorbing oxygen from the air that your cells require for respiration.
• when excercising, the body needs more energy from respiration. This requires u to breath out fatser and more deeply.
• You also breath out more deeply to remove the xtra carbon dioxide being produced by the reaction
• Aerobic respirtion needs oxygen. Breathing provides oxygen and gets rid of the carbon dioxide produced.
• Aerobic respiration is when oxygen is used to convert glucose into energy
• however sometimes you will be unable to breathe in enough oxygen to supply all your energy needs.
• When oxygen supply is insufficient, ome of the cells in your body switch to a process taht doesn't require oxygen. This is known as aerobic rspiration.
• Lactic acid build up in muscles and is what makes them sore after excercising hard.
• Glucose is brought to cells of the palnt via the transport system. Oxygen moves into the plant from the atmosphere through the stomata and then into the leaves.
• The products of respiration is water and caron dioxide.
• Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the mitochondria into the cytoplasm. Some of the carbon dioxide is taken in by the chloroplasts and used in photosyntheis. The rest leaves the cells and eventually exits the plant through the stomata.
• Water is also released by the plant cell and evaporates. It exits the plant through the stomata in the from of water vapour. In hot weather, the stomata closes to stop the plant form losing too much water.
• Plant respiration releases carbon dioxide back into smaller quantities than that used by photosynthesis. This is because, the glucose produced by a plant is not used just for respiration.
• Glucose generated by a plant can be used many things not just respiration.
• Plants store carbon that has been removed from the atmosphere by phtosynthesis. Every tree,forest,field and crop can therefore be thought of as a carbon sink that traps the carbon.
• When trees are chopped down, they cannot take in any more carbon. Roting returns their carbon to the soil. Burning them releases much of the stored carbon back into the atmosphere as smoke,soat and carbon dioxide.
• The bloodstream of animals carries glucose and oxygen to the cells. Glucose is one of the products of digestion of food. Oxygen is breathed in and then passed through narrower tubes until it enters teh air scas in the lungs know as the alveoli.
• the alveoli is connected to tiny blood vessels that allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the lungs and the bloodstream. The blood also carries away the waste water and carbon dioxide produced by respuration. Some water is re-absorbed into the body. Some is removed by the kidneys to be stored in the bladder and later expelled as urine. The remaining water is then breathed out as water vapour. Carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli and the into the lungs which is where it is breathed out.