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• Blood Plasma: Liquid component of blood that contains cells, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
• Buffy Coat : A layer of cells that is found in the blood and is responsible for the clotting of blood
• Leukocytes : White blood cells that are involved in the immune response.
• Erythrocytes : Red blood cells, carry oxygen around the body.
• Platelets : Small fragments of cells that help blood clot and form scabs.
• Hypertension : Abnormally high blood pressure.
• Hypotension : Abnormally low blood pressure.
• T Lymphocytes : A type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the immune system. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus gland. T cells are crucial for orchestrating immune responses and have various functions.
• Cytotoxic T Cells : These T cells directly attack and destroy infected or abnormal cells. Such as those infected by viruses or cancer cells, by releasing perforin and granzymes which induce apoptosis.
• Helper T Cells : Helper T cells assist other immune cells by releasing signaling molecules (cytokines) that stimulate immune responses. They play a crucial role in coordinating both the innate and adaptive immune systems.
• Memory T cells : After an infection is resolved, some T cells transform into memory T cells. These cells “remember” the specific pathogen, allowing for a quicker and more robust response if the same pathogen is encountered again.
• Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells.
• Each antibody is specific to a particular antigen, which is a unique molecular structure on the surface of pathogens.
• The Y-shaped structure of antibodies allows them to bind to antigens, marking them for destruction by other components of the immune system or directly neutralizing their harmful effects.
• Antibodies play a crucial role in immune responses, providing both specificity and memory to the immune system.
• Antibodies are essential for the body’s defense against infections and are often used in vaccines to stimulate the immune system’s production of specific antibodies.
• Arteries : Carry blood away from the heart to the organs of the body.
• Veins : Carry blood from the body to the heart.
• Capillaries : Small blood vessels that connect arteries and veins to the cells of the body, transport waste and nutrients to and from cells.
• Blood Pressure : The force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries.
• Diffusion: the spreading of solute from a high to low concentration.