Biology

• Enzymes have a specific three-dimensional structure that allows them to bind to substrates and facilitate chemical reactions.
• Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction by providing a favorable environment for the transition state.
• The active site is the region on an enzyme where the substrate molecule fits, allowing catalysis to occur.
• enzyme activity is affected by temperature, pH, substrate concentration, inhibitors, activators, cofactors, and allosteric regulators.
• Carbohydrates are the backbone
• to be considered living, A organism must respond to environment, be able to reproduce, grow, use energy, have an organization of cells, and homeostasis
• a manipulated variable is the change
• the responding variable is the response to manipulated variable (change)
• controlled variables, things that remain the same (3 or more recommended)
• reliability, getting the SAME results just about every time you conduct said experiment
• validity, a valid experiment answers the question. (increase controlled variables to help)
• homeostasis is the ability to regulate (or) maintain internal balance. ex, Internal temp, Water levels and organ production
• negative feedback systems, When organisms experience change and try to go back to normal
• positive feedback systems, when changes get bigger/more drastic. Can spiral out of control
• Iodine detects the presence starch by turning dark purple or black
• elements are atomic particles that make up a substance
• Molecules are something made up of one or more elements
• The three inputs for a plant to go through photosyntheis are light, carbon dioxide and water
• the main product of photosynthesis is glucose while the bi-product (waste product) is oxygen
• CO2 + H2O -sunlight-> C6H12O6 + 6O2 is the equation for photosynthesis
• Starch is a stored version of glucose
• photo = light

  Synthesis = put together
• The Xylem transports water through a plant
• The Phloem transports glucose through the plant
• Six main molecules in every living thing are Sulfur, Oxygen, Water, Nitrogen, Calcium and Phosphorus
• organisms use molecules to build other biomolecules
• biomolecules - Carbohydrates, Lipids(fats), Nucleic acids and protein
• Carbon makes 4 bonds
• Carbohydrates are in charge of making other Biomolecules
• simple sugar - One or two rings

  Complex cards - Three or more
• Monosaccharide is the monomer of carbohydrates
• monosaccharide/disaccharide - a molecule made up of two monosaccharides (simple sugar)
• polysaccharide - a polymer of monosaccharides, formed by condensation reactions (complex carbs)
• Lipids and fats,

  Long term Energy

  Cushioning

  energy storage

  insulating

  Cell membranes
• the shape of a lipid is made up of One central molecule (glycerol) and has 3 long chains (fatty acids)
• Lipids are hydrophobic and are not soluble in water
• Saturated fats are solid at room temperature and are found in animal products such as meat, dairy products and butter
• unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and are found in oily fish, nuts and seeds
• Saturated fats are saturated with hydrogen and have straight fatty acid chains
• unsaturated fats are NOT saturated in hydrogen and have crooked/un-straight fatty acid chains