Behaviourism

    Cards (23)

    • What does the behaviourist approach focus on studying?
      Observable and measurable behaviour
    • What are the two important forms of learning identified by behaviourists?
      Classical and operant conditioning
    • What is classical conditioning?
      Learning through association
    • Who is associated with classical conditioning?
      Pavlov
    • What did Pavlov demonstrate with his dogs?
      Dogs could learn to salivate to a bell
    • What is a neutral stimulus in classical conditioning?
      A stimulus that elicits no response initially
    • What is the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?
      Salivation in response to the bell
    • What does operant conditioning focus on?
      The causes and consequences of behaviour
    • Who is associated with operant conditioning?
      Skinner
    • What are the three types of consequences of behaviour according to Skinner?
      Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment
    • What increases the likelihood of behaviour being repeated?
      Positive and negative reinforcement
    • What is negative reinforcement?
      Avoiding something unpleasant
    • How might a student use negative reinforcement?
      By handing in an essay to avoid disapproval
    • What is positive reinforcement?
      Receiving a reward for a behaviour
    • What is punishment in the context of behaviourism?
      An unpleasant consequence of behaviour
    • What is a strength of the behaviourist approach?
      It measures observable behaviour
    • Why is the controlled lab setting a strength for behaviourist studies?
      It emphasizes objectivity and replication
    • How have behaviourist principles been applied in real life?
      In prisons and psychiatric wards
    • What is a token economy system?
      A system rewarding behaviour with privileges
    • What is a disadvantage of the behaviourist approach?
      It sees behaviour as determined by past experiences
    • What did Skinner suggest about free will?
      It is an illusion influenced by conditioning
    • What ethical issues are raised by the behaviourist approach?
      Animals exposed to stressful conditions
    • Why is the ethical treatment of animals important in behaviourist research?
      It affects how they react in experiments