Post-transcriptional control

• This is only relevant in eukaryotes
• Transcription of a gene 🧬 initially produces pre mRNA which contains coding section of the gene (exons) and non-coding sections of the genes (introns).
• RNA processing is where introns are removed and econs join VIA spisosomes to form mRNA. Alternative splicing gives rise to different mRNA molecules and therefore different proteins, but the exon order remains the same.
• RNA editing is where individual codons can be added or removed from the mRNA before leaving the nucleus.
• The proteom is all the proteins which are expressed in an organism and is much larger than the genome because 1 gene can code for more than 1 protein due to intron splicing, and mRNA can be edited.
• gene expression is the process by which a genes coded information is converted into structures present and operating in the cell
• Differential gene expression is gene expressions which respons to signals or triggers
• mRNA is a type of RNA sythesised from DNA, attaching ribosomes in teh cytoplasm and specific primary structures of proteins.
• transcription is the sythesis of RNA from a DNA template
• translation is the sythesis of a polypeptide using genetic information encoded in mRNA. Change in language from nucleotides to amino acids
• operons are a set of structural genes in bactera cells which control the transcription of structural genes
• operator is the DNA sequence in the operon. Its an operon binded to a regulatory protein which affects the rate of transcription and structural genes.
• regulatory gene is the gene associated with an operon in bacterial cells which ecnodes RNA/protein molecule that functions in controlling the transcription of one or more structural genes.
• repressors are regulatory proteins that bind to DNA sequencing and inhibits transcription