ITWorld 25,2024

• Science fundamentally is the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the natural and physical world through observations and experiments.
• Technology (which is basically derived from the Greek word ‘technologia’) is an art, skill or ability, which is used to create and develop products and acquire knowledge
• Technical Knowledge - It can be defined in the simplest term as – ‘know-how’. It includes ranges of basic skills such as advancement in agriculture, development of chemical industries, medical technology, software engineering, etc.
• Understanding of the attributes or elements - It means, knowledge and understanding of the intelligence of workers, quality of products, value of a firm, effectiveness of market, etc.
• Culture is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.
• Taylor: “Culture is the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and habits, and any capabilities acquired by man as a member of society”
• Linton: “Culture is social heredity, which is transmitted from one generation to another with the accumulation of individual experiences”
• John Beattee: “Culture is the way of life which is transmitted from generation to generation
• The term morality refers to social conventions about right and wrong that are so widely shared that they become the basis for an established consensus.
• Ethics is a set of beliefs about right and wrong behavior within a society. Ethical behavior conforms to generally accepted norms—many of which are almost universal.
• A virtue is a habit that inclines people to do what is acceptable, and a vice is a habit of unacceptable behavior.
• A person who acts with integrity acts in accordance with a personal code of principles. One approach to acting with integrity—one of the cornerstones of ethical behavior—is to extend to all people the same respect and consideration that you expect to receive from others.
• Morals are one’s personal beliefs about right and wrong
• ethics describes standards or codes of behavior expected of an individual by a group (nation, organization, profession) to which an individual belongs.
• Law is a system of rules that tells us what we can and cannot do. Laws are enforced by a set of institutions (the police, courts, law-making bodies). Legal acts are acts that conform to the law.
• Certification indicates that a professional possesses a particular set of skills, knowledge, or abilities, in the opinion of the certifying organization.
• Negligence has been defined as not doing something that a reasonable person would do or doing something that a reasonable person would not do.
• Duty of care refers to the obligation to protect people against any unreasonable harm or risk.
• The courts decide whether parties owe a duty of care by applying a reasonable person standard to evaluate how an objective, careful, and conscientious person would have acted in the same circumstances.
• Software piracy in a corporate setting can sometimes be directly traceable to IT professionals—they might allow it to happen, or they might actively engage in it.
• Inappropriate use of computing resources:

  Some employees use their computers to surf popular Web sites that have nothing to do with their jobs, participate in chat rooms, view pornographic sites, and play computer games.
• Inappropriate Sharing of Information

  Every organization stores vast amounts of information that can be classified as either private or confidential.
• A repetitive strain injury (RSI) is an injury or disorder of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, and joints
• Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a technology related health condition that affects eyesight
• Ergonomics is an applied science devoted to incorporating comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of items in the workplace
• Technology addiction occurs when the technology consumes someone’s entire social life
• Information and communication technologies are those technologies which enable society to process, collect consolidate, communicate, manage and process information in multimedia and various digital formats for different purposes by using telecommunication techniques.
• Digital divide is a term that refers to the gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern ICT and those that don't or have restricted access.
• Impact of digital divide

  1. Education
  2. Economy
  3. Social
  4. Society
  5. Culture
• The 1st Revolution replaced manual work with industrial factory work, including the invention of the railroad, steamboat, and improvements to roads and canals for transportation.
• There were great technological changes that served as the basis of industrial production.
• Private investment and massive production of goods characterized the 1st Revolution.
• Low cost in production was achieved due to the use of machines.
• The cost of labor was low during the 1st Revolution.
• The new imperialism, based on economic conquest through the sale of industrial products, arose during the 1st Revolution.
• The mechanized factory was created during the 1st Revolution.
• Iron was replaced by steel in industry during the 2nd Industrial Revolution.
• Steam was replaced by electricity and petroleum products were used as an important source of energy during the 2nd Industrial Revolution.
• Automatic machinery was introduced to manage and operate other machines during the 2nd Industrial Revolution.
• There were important changes in transportation and communications during the 2nd Industrial Revolution.