General Chemistry

• Matter is a substance that has a mass and occupies a space.
• Everything that we see and feel is well thought-out as matter.
• Living and nonliving things are all made up of matter.
• Chemistry is the study of matter – its components and its properties.
• Colloids are a type of mixture that is intermediate to a solution and a suspension.
• Colloids exhibit the Tyndall effect, which makes them different from solutions.
• Suspensions appear to be cloudy with at least two visible substances.
• Suspensions are mixtures that have solute particles big enough to settle at the bottom of the mixture and can be alternately filtered to separate particles through filtration.
• Leucippus and Democritus wondered what would happen to a piece of gold if it is cut indefinitely and concluded that there must be a smallest unit of gold that cannot be further broken down without ceasing to be gold, which they named atomos.
• The five main principles of the theory of Leucippus and Democritus include: all matter is made up of atoms that are too tiny to be seen by the naked eyes, atoms are in constant motion around an empty space called void, atoms are completely solid, atoms are uniform, no internal structure, and atoms come in different shapes and sizes.
• Matter is made up of particles that give its mass and volume.
• The state of matter of a substance depends on two things: how fast the particles are moving and how strongly the particles are attracted to one another.
• Crystalline solids have a very orderly and 3D arrangement of molecules, examples include Iron, Diamonds, Ice, Salt.
• Amorphous solids are made of atoms that are in no particular order, they do not have a definite melting point and can exist in two different states: a rubbery state and a glassy state, examples include Butter, Rubber, Glass, Wax.
• Plasma is made up of groups of negatively and positively charged particles, does not have a definite shape or volume and whose particles have broken apart, it is an ionized gas, a gas into which sufficient energy is provided to free electrons from atoms or molecules and to allow both species, ions and electrons, to coexist, it is a gas that has electricity running through it, and is the most common state of matter in the universe.
• Bose-Einstein Condense is a state of matter which is made of dilute gas of bosons, these bosons are cooled to temperature, really close to zero degrees, at this temperature, the majority of the bosons occupy the lowest quantum state.
• Mixtures are made up of two or more substances that are only physically combined and can be separated into their components by simple physical means such as melting, freezing, or boiling.
• Saturated solution is a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that a given quantity of a solvent can dissolve.
• Pure substances are characterized by unchanging or specific composition and cannot be broken down through physical means.
• Solute is the substance that is being dissolved in the solution.
• Supersaturated solution is a solution containing solute that is more than what the given solvent can dissolve.
• Chemical properties refer to the ability of a substance to undergo changes to transform into a different substance or change its chemical composition, describing how a substance reacts with another substance, including flammability, reactivity to water and oxygen, heat combustion, enthalpy of formation, chemical stability, types of chemical bonds a material forms, toxicity, pH, oxidation states, salt formation.
• Compounds are composed of two or more elements combined chemically in definite proportions and the law that governs the combination of atoms to form compounds is called the law of definite proportion.
• Phase transition is a physical change of a substance where it undergoes changes without changing its chemical composition, such as the transition of solid ice water to liquid water and to water vapor.
• Unsaturated solution is a solution having a lesser amount of solute than what the given quantity of a solvent can dissolves.
• Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter present, such as mass, volume, and the amount of energy in a substance.
• Elements are the simplest type of matter that are composed of only one kind of atom and can be classified into three according to their metallic property.
• Intensive properties do not depend on the amount present, it is a property that depends on the kind of matter in a sample, including density, melting point, freezing point, and the ability to conduct heat and electricity.
• Solvent is the substance used to dissolve a solute.
• Solution is a one-phase mixture which is composed of a solute and a solvent.
• Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed and measured without changing the identity and composition of the substance, including state of matter, taste, solubility, density, volatility, ductility, conductivity, melting point, boiling point, color, viscosity, and hardness.
• Homogeneous Mixture exists in single phase; that is with uniform appearance and same properties and composition throughout a sample, also called as solution.
• Heterogeneous Mixture is a mixture of which components can be physically identified or distinguished are not evenly distributed in the sample.
• The number of atoms or molecules is called the amount of substance.
• A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.