Role of Individuals (1914 - 47)

• Colonial adminstrators in India:

  • Edwin Montagu
  • Sir Harry Haig
  • Lord Linlithgow
• Colonial administrators mostly in Africa:

  • Sir Donald Cameron
  • William Hailey
  • Philip Mitchell
  • Sir Charles Arden Clarke
  • Sir Andrew Cohen
  • Sir Ralph Furse
• Edwin Montagu - India

  • Secretary of State for India from 1917 - 1922
  • Reforms which led to government of India Act of 1919. Gave Indians limited degree of poltical representation for affairs of India
• Sir Harry Haig - India

  • Lifelong colonial administrator in India. Member of the Viceroy's executive council in 1932
  • He saw the idea that Indians as partners in empire. Opponent of Gandhi camapaign called him 'menace'
• Lord Linlithgow - India

  • Viceroy of India from 1935 to 1943. His seven years was longest in history of Raj
  • Promoted further enfranchisement (giving of a right or privilege like right to vote) of Indians in the government of India Act 1935. Believed further reforms would weaken nationalism
• Lord Linlithgow - India

  • Give rise to 'more responsible'. Indian politicians work with the British for self - government. Appealed for unity after WW2 for greater rights for Indian people in government
  • Opponent of Gandhi and ordered civil disobedience campaign to be suppressed. Praised in Britain. Indians blamed him for division, lack of economic development and Bengal famine
• Sir Donald Cameron - Elsewhere mostly Africa

  • Assistant colonial secretary in Mauritius (1904). Southern Nigeria (1908 - 24). Chief secretary (1923) Govenor of Tanganyika (1924 - 31) Govenor of Nigeria (1931 - 35)
  • Believed in trusteeship. Nigeria promoted good nuts and palm oil in Tanganyika. Building harbours and railways.
  • Advance colonies economically. Supported entry of Indigenous people in civil service
• William Hailey - Elsewhere mostly from Africa

  • Govenor of Punjab in 1924 and united provinces in 1928. Went to conferences for 1933 government of India Act. Retired in 1936
  • Travelled 20,000 miles to Royal Institute of international affairs. Producing African survey. Highly influential for future British policy
• Philip Mitchell - Elsewhere mostly Africa

  • Served in Tanganyika (1919 - 27). Secretary of Native affairs of Tanganyika in 1928. Chief secretary 1934. Went to Uganda 1935 and fulfilled trusteeship principle
  • Extended makerere college and wanted educated African elite. 1944 returned to Africa as govenor of Kenya
• Sir Charles Arden Clarke - Elsewhere but mostly Africa

  • Entered colonial service in 1920. District officer in Northern Nigeria and Resident commissioner in Lagos in 1937 and Basutoland 1942
  • Presided over British African colony to gain independence in 1957
• Sir Andrew Cohen - Elsewhere mostly Africa

  • Assistant under - secretary of state for colonial office in 1947. Served in Malta in WW2.
  • Sympathy for indigenous people and understood need for decolonisation
• Sir Ralph Furse - Elsewhere but mostly Africa

  • Responsible for improving recruitment and training of administrators. Responsible for 1930 reform of appointments to colonial service
  • Director of recruitment in new personnel divison in 1931. Reforms established system of recruitment and training.
  • 'Father of modern colonial service'. Improved quality of these in colonial service
• Gold Coast

  • Nationalist group - Convention People's party
  • Date founded in 1949
  • Nationalist leader - Kwame Nkrumah
  • Independence leader - 1957
• Malay:

  • Nationalist group - United Malays National Organisation
  • Date founded - 1946
  • Nationalist leader - Onn Binn Jafar and Tunku Abdul Rahman
  • Independence date - 1957
• Malay

  • Nationalist group - Malayan Chinese association
  • Date founded - 1949
  • Nationalist leader - Tan Cheng Lock
  • Independence date - 1957
• Malay

  • Nationalist group - Malayan Communist party
  • Date founded - 1930
  • Nationalist leader - Chin Peng
  • 1957
• Kenya

  • Nationalist group - Kenya African (National) Union 1946 Previously Kenya African study union 1960
  • Nationalist leader - Jomo Kenyatta
  • Independence date - 1963
• Nigeria

  • Nationalist group - National council of Nigeria and the Cameroons
  • Date founded - 1944
  • Nationalist leader - Nnamdi Azikiwe
  • Independence date - 1960
• Nigeria

  • Nationalist group - Action group
  • Date founded - 1951
  • Nationalist leader - Awolowo
  • Independence date - 1960
• Nigeria

  • Nationalist group - Northern People's Congress
  • Date founded - 1949
  • Nationalist leader - Ahmadu Bello
  • Independence date 1960
• Nyasaland

  • Nationalist group - Nyasaland African Congress and United National Independence Party
  • Date founded - 1943
  • Nationalist leader - Kenneth Kaunda and Dr Hastings Banda
  • Independence date - 1964
• Northern Rhodesia

  • Nationalist group - Zambian African National Congress and the United National Independence party
  • Date founded - 1959
  • Nationalist leaders - Harry Nkumbula and Kenneth Kaunda
  • Independence date - 1964
• India

  • Nationalist group - Indian National Congress
  • Date founded - 1855
  • Nationalist leader - Mahatma Gandhi
  • Independence date - 1947
• India

  • Nationalist group - Indian National Army
  • Date founded - 1942
  • Nationalist leader - Subhas Chandra Bose
  • Independence date - 1947
• India

  • Nationalist group - All - India Muslim League
  • Date founded - 1906
  • Nationalist leader - Muhammad Ali Jinnah
  • Independence date - 1947
• Burma

  • Nationalist group - Anti - Facist organistion (later Anti - Facist People's Freedom League)
  • Date founaded - 1944
  • Nationalist leader - Aung San
  • Independence date - 1948
• East African (Kenya)

  • Nationalist group - Young Kikuyu and East African Association
  • Date founded - 1921
  • Nationalist leader - Harry Thuku
  • Independence date - Kenya 1963
• West Africa

  • Nationalist group - West Africa Student's Union
  • Date founded - 1925
  • Nationalist leader - Nkrumah (Vice president in 1946)
  • Independence date - Nigeria 1960
• Anti - salt campaign (1930)

  • Gandhi organised a 24 day march to Dandi where he and his followers
  • Made salt from seawater in defiance of the British salt monopoly
  • Gandhi was arrested and more than 80,000 Indians goalies for the civil disobedience the action provoked
• Gandhi's fasts

  • Several occasions Gandhi fasted in protest against violence between Indians, especially between Himdus and Muslims
  • Fasts which brought fighting to a halt
  • EG 1924 fasted for three weeks to promote Hindu - Muslim unity
  • EG several weeks in 1947 and 1948
• Gandhi's beliefs

  Expressed basic principles jn 'Hind swaraj' (Home Rule for India) in 1909

  • Gandhi favoured peaceful resistance to British rule, based on the principles of satyagraha (insistence on the truth)
  • Gandhi preached harmonious relations between Hindus and Muslims both should have equal rights for both religions in an independent India
• Gandhi's beliefs

  • Wanted an independent India to remain agricultural and rural
  • Reject Industrialization and urbanisation which characterised Western development
• Gandhi's importance

  • His methods made it difficult for the British to respond
  • British saw themselves as Liberal, peaceful and democratic
  • Non - violent resistance proved effective in hurting British economic interests