AO1

• What is anxiety defined as?

  A state of emotional and physical arousal
• What are the emotional effects of anxiety?

  Worried thoughts and feelings of tension
• What are the physical changes associated with anxiety?

  Increased heart rate and sweating
• Is anxiety a normal reaction to stress?

  Yes, it is a normal reaction
• What is unclear about the effects of anxiety on eyewitness recall?

  Whether anxiety improves or worsens recall
• What physiological effect does anxiety have on attention?

  It prevents attention to important cues
• Who conducted research on the effect of weapons on witness recall?

  Johnson and Scott
• What was the aim of Johnson & Scott's study?

  To investigate weapon anxiety on recall
• What were the two conditions in Johnson & Scott's experiment?

  Low-anxiety and high-anxiety conditions
• What did participants in the low-anxiety condition see?

  A man with a pen and grease on his hands
• What did participants in the high-anxiety condition hear?

  Sound of breaking glass
• What was the identification accuracy for the low-anxiety group?

  49% identified the man
• What was the identification accuracy for the high-anxiety group?

  33% identified the man
• What does the Tunnel Theory explain about anxiety and recall?

  Anxiety focuses attention on the weapon
• What is the 'weapon focus effect' proposed by Loftus?

  Anxiety reduces accuracy of eyewitness testimony
• How does anxiety affect memory during a crime?

  It increases alertness and awareness of cues
• Who investigated the impacts of anxiety on eyewitness testimony in a real-life shooting?

  Yuille and Cutshall
• What was the aim of Yuille & Cutshall's study?

  To investigate the impact of anxiety on memory
• How many witnesses participated in Yuille & Cutshall's study?

  13 out of 21 witnesses agreed
• How was accuracy determined in Yuille & Cutshall's study?

  By the number of details reported
• What did witnesses rate in Yuille & Cutshall's study?

  How stressed they felt during the incident
• What was the accuracy of witnesses after 5 months?

  Little change in accuracy was observed
• What percentage of the highly stressed group was accurate?

  88% accuracy
• What percentage of the less-stressed group was accurate?

  75% accuracy
• What does research suggest about anxiety's impact on recall?

  It can have both positive and negative impacts
• What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law suggest?

  Relationship looks like an inverted U
• How does anxiety affect memory according to Deffenbacher?

  Lower anxiety leads to lower recall accuracy
• What happens when optimal anxiety level is reached?

  Memory accuracy is at maximum
• What occurs if stress exceeds the optimal level?

  Recall of an event suffers a decline