gr10 bio

• Theories help us to explain natural processes and can be discarded when there is new information which contradicts existing theories.
• Living things obtain and use energy for activities, try to maintain a constant internal environment, eliminate waste, reproduce, and are made of cells.
• The cell is the basic unit of life and cells only come from pre-existing cells.
• The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of its independent cells.
• The nucleus is the largest organelle in eukaryotic cells and is the control center of the cell.
• The nucleus contains DNA scattered throughout as chromatin and consists of two membranes surrounding the nucleus: the outer bilayer continues into the endoplasmic reticulum and the inner bilayer defines the nucleus.
• Nuclear pores are found on the membrane of the nucleus and regulate movements of material between the nucleus and cytosol.
• The nucleolus is a condensed area of chromatin in the nucleus that synthesizes ribosome parts.
• Chromosomes are linear structures composed of DNA molecules and are found in the nucleus.
• Cytoplasm is a gel-like material found between the nucleus and cell membrane and consists mostly of water, many organelles, and protein-rich enzymes.
• Tobacco use raises blood pressure.
• Tobacco use causes lung disease.
• Tobacco use affects hemoglobin's (Hb) affinity for oxygen.
• Tobacco use can lead to pneumonia.
• Tobacco use can cause respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis.
• Tobacco use can cause oxygen levels in the blood to drop.
• Tobacco use can cause carbon monoxide poisoning.
• Tobacco use causes tar to accumulate in the lungs, blocking up cilia.
• The cytosol is the fluid part of cytoplasm.
• Tobacco use can lead to emphysema, which is the destruction of alveoli and is irreversible.
• Tobacco use can cause cancer in the mouth, lips, and throat.
• Tobacco use can lead to arteriosclerosis, which can cause heart attack or stroke.
• Tobacco use can cause bronchitis.
• Tobacco use causes stomach ulcers and cancer.
• Tobacco use causes smoker's cough.
• Tobacco use can cause poor health and reduced energy.
• Ribosomes are free ribosomes in the cytoplasm and can also be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, making it rough ER.
• Ribosomes attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) produce proteins that move into the ER.
• The endoplasmic reticulum acts as a framework to support the cell and transports materials to different parts of the cell.
• The Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Complex is a series of flattened saucer shaped sacs that packages useful nutrients and secretes them outside the cell for use elsewhere.
• Lysosomes are special vesicles formed in the Golgi Apparatus that transport cellular digestive enzymes safely through the cytoplasm.
• Mitochondria produce energy for the cell; powerhouse of the cell and replicate themselves by dividing down the middle to create 2 daughter mitochondria.
• Chloroplasts are surrounded by 2 membranes (inner & outer) and contain the pigment chlorophyll, which gives green colour and absorbs solar energy to carry out photosynthesis.
• Cell walls are found in plants, fungal cells, and some single celled eukaryotes and consist of cellulose fibres.
• The cell membrane is the semi-permeable outermost part of an animal cell, inside the cell wall of plants, and encloses cell content from its surroundings.
• Exercise and healthy diet are recommended for treatment of plaque.
• Breathing involves two processes: Inhalation where the diaphragm contracts downwards causing the intercostal muscles of the chest to contract, causing the ribs to move up and out, away from the body, and Exhalation where the intercostal muscles relax causing the lungs to recoil back to their original position.
• Digitalin is used to strengthen heart contraction.
• Plaque is a fatty deposit that forms at sites of endothelial damage.
• The lungs are surrounded by a double-membrane called the pleural membrane which completely seals off the thoracic cavity from the rest of the body.