ch 2 - historical views

• which philosopher believed that mental disorders were caused by an imbalance of fluids or "humors"?

  hippocrates (naturalistic view)
• which philosopher believed that thinking a certain way could eliminate pain?

  aristotle
• which philosopher emphasized individual differences as being a result of sociocultural differences?

  plato
• who lobbied for better treatment of individuals, leading to a mental health movement of more hospitals being built?


  dorothea dix
• who emphasized spiritual and moral development in europe?

  benjamin rush
• who proposed electricity to treat depression or "melancholia"?


  benjamin franklin
• somatic perspective - states that physical problems cause mental disorders (bodily pain)
• what was the deinstitutionalization movement, and what were the outcomes?

  Movement to release mentally ill patients from psychiatric hospitals; outcomes include increased homelessness and lack of community support.
• what best describes hippocrates' view on mental illness?

  mental disorders, like other diseases, have natural causes and appropriate treatments
• during the middle ages in europe, management and care of persons with mental illness was taken on by clergy
• aristotle maintained that by "thinking as directed," one could eliminate pain and better attain pleasure
• although asylums tended to involve cruel and dirty treatment conditions, they were intended to provide refuge and treatment specifically for the mentally ill
• Patients institutionalized with mental illness during the late nineteenth century were typically given treatment that focused almost exclusively on their physical well-being. Although patients were physically comfortable and cared for, the social environment and their psychological needs were not addressed. This approach to addressing mental illness was called?

  the mental hygiene movement
• benjamin rush, considered the founder of american psychiatry, is most likely to have recommended a treatment similar to moral management
• the primary reason for establishing a deinstitutionalization policy was the belief that treating disturbed people outside of large mental hospitals was considered more humane and likely to prevent patients from acquiring negative adaptations to hospital confinement
• moral management was a treatment used in asylums that emphasized the patients' moral and spiritual development and the rehabilitation of their "character." less focus was placed on their physical and mental disorders
• in the early twentieth century, psychiatrists began to use lobotomies (a surgical procedure involving severing nerve fibers between the frontal lobe and other parts of the brain) as a means of controlling behavior.
• Ingrid works with a psychotherapist who encourages her to talk about whatever comes to mind during her sessions. Her psychotherapist feels that this strategy will bring unconscious issues to the level of awareness so that the issues may be analyzed. This method is called free association
• hippocrates - humours
• dorothea dix - lobbied for better treatment, led to mental hygiene movement
• wilhelm wundt - first experimental psychological laboratory
• classical conditioning - pavlov and watson

  operant conditioning - thorndike and skinner