Industrial

• What was the death rate of smallpox in the 18th century?

  30%
• What were common consequences for smallpox survivors?

  Blindness or horrible scars
• What did people use to prevent smallpox before vaccination?

  Inoculation with smallpox scabs
• Why was inoculation considered risky?

  Some patients developed severe cases and died
• Who was Edward Jenner?

  A country doctor from Gloucestershire
• What observation led Jenner to develop vaccination?

  Dairy maids did not catch smallpox
• What did Jenner do in 1796 to test his theory?

  Infected a boy with cowpox
• What was the outcome of Jenner's experiment with James Phipps?

  Phipps did not catch smallpox
• What term did Jenner coin for his process?

  Vaccination
• Why was vaccination considered safer than inoculation?

  It used a weaker version of smallpox
• How many people had been vaccinated by 1800?

  100,000 people
• What opposition did Jenner face regarding vaccination?

  Doctors lost money from inoculation trade
• Why was Jenner's work initially not widely accepted?

  He could not explain the science behind it
• When did the Royal Society refuse to publish Jenner's ideas?

  After he wrote up his findings in 1798
• When did smallpox vaccination become compulsory for babies?

  1853
• When was the law for compulsory vaccination properly enforced?

  1872
• What significant event occurred 80 years after Jenner's discovery?

  Understanding of germs allowed more vaccinations
• Who created a vaccine for chicken cholera?

  Louis Pasteur
• What did the British government do in 1840 regarding inoculation?

  Made inoculation illegal
• When was smallpox declared officially eradicated?

  1980
• What was cholera known to cause?

  Severe sickness and diarrhoea
• What was a common belief about cholera in the 19th century?

  It was caused by miasma
• What did John Snow theorize about cholera?

  It was spread through dirty water
• What did Snow create to show cholera deaths?

  A spot map
• What pattern did Snow notice on his spot map?

  Deaths were centered around a water pump
• What action did parish officials take based on Snow's findings?

  Removed the pump's handle as an experiment
• What was found to contaminate the Broad Street pump's well?

  Sewage from a nearby cesspit
• What did Snow present to the government?

  His research on cholera
• What was the result of the 'Great Stink' in 1858?

  It pushed the government to act
• Why did many scientists reject Snow's work?

  They clung to the idea of miasma
• What did Snow observe in the Broad Street water?

  White, flocculent particles
• What was missing from Snow's research?

  Scientific proof for his theory
• What was the impact of Snow's work on the people of Soho?

  It reduced cholera deaths significantly
• What was the Industrial Revolution known for?

  Massive change in technology
• What health issue arose from overcrowded cities during the Industrial Revolution?

  Diseases spread easily
• What was a popular belief about disease causes in the 18th century?

  Miasma theory
• What was the theory of spontaneous generation?

  Small living things caused disease from decay
• Who proved that spontaneous generation was wrong?

  Louis Pasteur
• What did Pasteur theorize about germs in 1861?

  Germs in the air caused decay
• What did Pasteur use to prove his theory?

  A swan neck flask