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BISC 205
Plants
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BISC 205 > Plants
163 cards
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Basic Principles:
Photosynthesis
requires:
light
,
CO2
,
H2O
Growth requires:
N
, P,
K
,
Mg
, and other
nutrients
Plant structure is
dynamic
Indeterminate growth
: continues to grow with the right conditions
Phenotypic plasticity
: influenced by their environment
Shoot
system
:
Mostly
above ground
Role: to
absorb sunlight
,
gas exchange
,
reproduction
Root system:
Below ground
Role:
anchor plant
, absorb
H2O
and
nutrients
,
store energy
,
symbiotic relationships
(fungi, bacteria)
Roots:
Tap root --)
eudicot
plants
Fibrous roots --)
monocot
plants
Phenotypic plasticity --) grow
deeper
in drier soil
Longer roots --) plant is more likely to continue growing in a
drought
Modified roots:
Anchor
roots
Prop
roots
Pheumatophores
Storage
roots
Anchor roots:
Function:
stem
to
walls
and other plants
Example:
ivy
Prop roots:
Function:
stabilize
the stem
Example:
corn
Pneumatophores:
Function: allows
gas exchange
by
emerging out
of
water
Example:
Mangrove tree
Storage roots:
Function:
store carbohydrates
and other
nutrients
for
future use
Example:
Sugar beet
Shoots/Stems:
Grow
taller
to access light
Dry
+
windy
environment --)
shorter
plant
Modified shoots/stems:
Water-storage structures
Stolons
Rhizomes
Tubers
Thorns
Water-storage structures (shoots/stems):
Function:
stems
store
water
in
dry environments
Example:
cactus
Stolons:
Functions:
Horizontal runner
(growth)
Adventitious roots
+
leaves
Produces
new individuals
at
nodes
above
ground
Example:
strawberry plant
Rhizomes:
Functions:
Horizontal stems
Asexual reproduction
Produces
new individuals
at
nodes belowground
Stores carbohydrates
Tubers:
Functions:
Underground stem
Store carbohydrates
Example:
potatoes
Thorns:
Function: provide
protection
from
herbivores
Simple leaf:
petiole
and
single blade
Compound leaf
:
blade
is divided into
leaflets
Double compound leaf:
large
, but
rarely damaged
by
wind
or
rain
Needle-like leaf
: characteristic of species
adapted
to
cold
or
hot
, minimizes
water loss
by
transpiration
and
wind
Larger
surface area of leaf maximizes
light capture
Smaller
surface area of leaf minimizes
water loss
Modified Leaves:
Bulbs
Suculent leaves
Tendrils
Floral mimics
Traps
Bulbs:
Functions:
Stores food
Underground
(
no light
--)
no chlorophyll
)
Example:
onions
Succulent leaves:
Function:
stores water
Example:
aloe vera
Tendrils:
Function:
aids
in
climbing
/
movement
Example:
pea tendrils
Floral mimics:
Function:
attracts pollinators
Example:
red poinsettia
Traps:
Functions:
Hood discourages
bugs from flying out
Digestive enzymes
/
bacteria
digest
Example:
pitcher plant
Cellulose:
Most
abundant
compound on Earth
Humans can't
digest
it (we don't have the
enzyme
for it)
Some animals have
symbiotic relationships
with
microbes
that can digest
cellulose
Amylase breaks
1-4 glycosidic bonds
, but it can't break down
cellulose
The Plant Cell Componants:
Middle lamella
Primary wall
Secondary wall
Simple pits
Plasmodesmata
Middle lamella:
pectin
glues
cells
together to form
tissues
and
organs
Primary wall:
Create
first
Made of
cellulose
Resists
internal pressure
Allows plants to stay
upright
Prevents cells from
lysing
Secondary wall:
Only in
specialized cells
(
xylem
)
Thick and made of
cellulose
and
lignin
(
cross-linked
polyphenols)
Provides
strength
Important for
water transport
Simple Pits:
Thin areas
of
secondary wall
that
connects adjacent cells
Allows
movement
of
fluids
between cells
Plasmodesmata:
Smaller channels
in
cell wall
Allows
movement
of
small molecules
Plastids:
Chloroplasts
Amyloplasts
Chromoplasts
Chloroplasts:
photosynthesis
and
gas exchange
Amyloplasts:
roots
and
carbohydrate storage
Chromoplasts:
attracts pollinators
, in
fruits
and
flowers
Tissue Systems:
Simple
tissues: single cell type
Complex
tissues: > 1 cell type
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