APUSH: 1920s

• Harlem Renaissance


  A cultural, artistic, and intellectual movement that flourished in the 1920s in the Harlem neighborhood of NYC; brought about a significant uprise in African American literature, music, art, and culture, with figures such as Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Duke Ellington. Overall, showcasing the talents and creativity of the African American community and influencing the broader cultural landscape
• The Great Migration

  The mass movement of African Americans from rural Southern areas to urban areas in the North and Midwest between approximately 1916 and 1970; driven by factors such as economic opportunities, escape from racial segregation, and the search for better living conditions; impacted the demographics and culture of both the Southern and Northern regions, contributed to the growth of vibrant African American communities in cities like Chicago, Detroit, and New York
• American Birth Control League


  Founded in 1921 by Margaret Sanger as a precursor to Planned Parenthood; dedicated to promoting birth control and family planning, aimed to change laws restricting access to contraceptives, and provide education on reproductive health
• Margaret Sanger


  Birth control activist and nurse who founded the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood; significantly contributed to the advancement of women's health and reproductive freedoms in the early 20th century
• National Women's Party


  Led by Alice Paul and took a more radical and "extreme" approach; played a role in securing the Nineteenth Amendment, but shifted its focus to advocate for constitutional equality between men and women through the proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA); overall aimed to advance women's rights beyond suffrage, advocating for legal and constitutional changes to address gender inequality
• Prohibition


  The period during which the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages were banned in the U.S.
• National American Women's Suffrage Association


  Led by Carrie Chapman Catt, took a more conservative/traditional approach; achieved their primary goal with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920; the group then evolved into the League of Women Voters, focusing on educating and mobilizing newly enfranchised women to participate in the political process
• Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)


  An organization advocating for the prohibition of alcohol and social reform, led by women
• Immigration Act of 1924


  Replaced the Emergency Quota Act; Also a response to nativist sentiments, aimed to further restrict immigration, and address concerns about preserving the "racial and cultural" homogeneity of the American population.
• Emergency Quota Act


  Response to the post-WWI era and aimed to restrict immigration by establishing a temporary quota system based on nationality; Limited the number of immigrants allowed into the United States, favoring those from Northern and Western Europe
• Ku Klux Klan


  A white supremacist organization that promoted racism and violence, particularly against African Americans
• The Scopes Trial


  1925 trial of a Tennessee schoolteacher for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution, displayed greater social and cultural changes than a debate over evolution vs. creationism
• Sacco & Vanzetti

  Highly publicized case that accused Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti of robbery and murder in Massachusetts; case became a symbol of injustice, since many argued that they were convicted due to their anarchist beliefs and immigrant status rather than concrete evidence. Despite this, they were executed in 1927
• Mein Kampf


  Autobiographical manifesto by Adolf Hitler, outlining his political ideology and goals for Germany
• Marcus Garvey


  A Jamaican political leader and advocate for African American rights, founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association
• Alice Paul


  A suffragist and leader of the National Women's Party, advocating for women's rights and the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment, took a more radical approach
• Carrie Chapman Catt


  Leader of the National American Women's Suffrage Association, instrumental in the campaign for women's right to vote, took a more traditional and conservative approach
• Teapot Dome Scandal


  A political scandal during the early 1920s that involved the secret leasing of federal oil reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming to private oil companies, leading to allegations of corruption and bribery within the administration of President Warren G. Harding.
• Volstead Act


  Enforced the Eighteenth Amendment; defined the terms of Prohibition, outlining specific regulations and penalties for violating the ban on alcohol
• Twenty-First Amendment


  Repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, ending Prohibition
• Nineteenth Amendment


  Gave women the right to vote
• Eighteenth Amendment


  Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States
• "Dry" and "Wet" Candidates


  Refers to candidates who either supported or opposed Prohibition, with "Dry" candidates favoring it and "Wet" candidates opposing it
• Harding's Normalcy


  The political agenda of President Warren G. Harding; emphasized a return to normalcy and stability after WWI, focusing on stability, conservatism, and a retreat from the progressive policies of the previous era
• First Red Scare


  A period of intense anti-communist hysteria and fear of political radicalism in the US following WWI, roughly from 1917 to 1920; characterized by widespread suspicion, government repression, and social tension, fueled by events such as the Russian Revolution and labor strikes
• Palmer Raids


  A series of law enforcement actions conducted in the US between 1919 and 1920, led by then-Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, targeted suspected radical leftists (anarchists and communists) and resulted in arrests, deportations, and suppression of individuals perceived as threats during the post-WWI Red Scare.
• Xenophobia


  A strong fear or dislike of people from other countries or cultures
• Nativism


  A political stance that favors the interests and rights of the native-born population over those of immigrants
• Eugenics


  The study and practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population through selective breeding
• Langston Hughes


  A prominent African American poet and writer during the Harlem Renaissance, known for his impactful contributions to American literature
• Mass media


  Forms of communication, such as newspapers, radio, and television, that reach and influence a large audience
• Mass consumption


  The widespread and high-volume consumption of goods and services by a large population
• Consumer goods


  Products and items intended for personal use or consumption by individuals