Genetics Lab

• 4 Bases of Deoxyribunucleic Acid are; Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine
• Adenine pairs with thymine.
• Guanine pairs with cytosine.
• 4 Bases pair of Ribonucleic Acid are; Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine
• Adenine pair with Uracil in RNA
• Genetics is study of heredity in general and of genes in particular
• Modern Genetics focuses on the chemical substances that genes are made of deocyribunucleic acid, or DNA, and the ways in which it affects the chemical reactions that constitute the living processes within the cell.
• Gene Action depends on interaction with the environment
• William Bateson introduced the word genetics in 1905.
• The first genetic map was constructed by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1913
• Mendel's Laws were rediscovered by Hugo De Vries, Carl Correns, and Erich Tschermak-Seysenegg independently in 1900
• Mendelian inheritance refers to the transmission of traits from one generation to another according to Mendels laws of segregation and independent assortment
• Incomplete dominance occurs when neither allele completely masks the other
• Codominant inheritance is an example of multiple alleles where both alleles express themselves at once
• Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered sex linked inheritance in fruit flies (Drosophila) in 1910
• Aristotle emphasized the importance of blood in heredity.
• Hippocrates is known as the father of medicine.
• Hippocrates believed in the inheritance of acquired characteristics, and to hypothesis known as pangenesis.
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck invoked the idea of "the inheritance of acquired characters", not as an explanation for heredity but as a model for evolution.
• Gregor Mendel worked with pea plants and discovered the laws of heredity.
• Gregor Mendel is the father of genetics.
• Friedrich Meischer discovered DNA called nuclein, extracted from pus filled bandages.
• Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that chromosomes control traits when he studied white eyed male mutant drosophila.
• Hermann Muller discovered that x-rays mutate DNA.
• George Beadle and Edward Tatum discovered that enzymes were gene products, one enzyme, one gene theory, when working with Neospora (bread mold).
• Barbara McClintock discovered that genes were not stagnant and could transpose onto different chromosomes or jumping genes when studying corn kernel color.
• Erwin Chargaff discovered that four bases ATGC are always present in a certain ratio, 1:1, A:T and G:C, called Chargaff's Rule.
• Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase showed that DNA was the molecule responsible for passing genes when studying bacteriophage.
• James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin; Watson and Crick used stolen x-ray crystallography images from Franklin's lab to determine that double helix structure of DNA.
• Francis Crick developed the central dogma theory that explains how genes encode for proteins.
• Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl discovered that DNA replicates in a semi-conservative manner.
• Arthur Kornberg isolated the enzyme that replicates DNA, DNA polymerase, and discovered DNA could be replicated in vitro, laid the ground work for Mullis' PCR.
• Marshall Warren Nirenberg cracked the universal genetic code, by studying the E.coli.
• Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod were the first to understand how a gene was regulated (turned on/off) by studying the iac operon, a gene that codes for an enzyme that breaks down lactose.
• Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen used restriction enzymes to make recombinant DNA, DNA that has non native genes inserted into it.
• Roger Kornberg discovered chromatin structure.
• Frederick Sanger discovered the SANGER di-deoxy method of DNA sequencing.
• Kary Mullis discovered that DNA could amplified, so that it could be studied better. The technique was called PCR polymerase chain reaction.
• Alec Jeffreys developed DNA fingerprinting technique that is used in many applications.
• Mary-Claire King discovered that chips and humans share 99% of genes. She also discovered the breast cancer gene BRCA1, ws the first to link cancer to an actual gene.