introduction

• Anatomy is the study of the internal structures of living things or different organs.
• Physiology is the study of the function of the organs and body system
• There are 11 organ system or body system in the human body.
• Respiratory System, Endocrine System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Circulatory System, Digestive System, Reproductive, Lymphatic, Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Excretory, Urinary, Immune System.
• Different Properties of Life

  Homeostasis

  Organization

  Metabolism

  Growth and Development

  Adaptation

  Response to stimuli

  Reproduction
• Stimulus is anything that causes you to react. Responses are actions of the body, muscle contraction, gland secretions, or brain actions.
• Properties of life: 1) All of these are experienced by all living things. 2) Imbalances among these properties causes harm to an organism. 3) All of these properties are interconnected with each other.
• levels of organization:

  unicellular

  multicellular

  atom

  molecule

  organelles

  cells

  tissues

  organs

  organ system

  organism

  population

  community

  ecosystem

  biome

  biosphere
• unicellular: a single-celled organism, e.g. bacteria, amoeba, algae
• multicellular: having or consisting of many cells. eg. plants, animals, fungi
• atom: building block of matter (proton (+) electrons (-) neutron (0)
• molecule: a group of atoms that are chemically bonded together
• organelles: tiny organs that perform specific functions within the cell, e.g. mitochondria and chloroplasts
• cells: building blocks of life
• tissues: cells of the same function and structures combined together
• organs: tissues working together to carry out a particular function
• organ systems: groups of organs working together to carry out a particular function
• organism: individual living things
• population: the whole number of individuals of a particular species living in a particular area at a particular time
• community: a group of different organisms that live in the same area and interact with each other
• ecosystem: interaction between living (biotic) and non-living things (abiotic)
• biome: region that is divided into categories based on the home of an animal (temperature, soil type)
• biosphere: entire planet or ecosystem of all
• thales of miletus: father of natural philosophy (basis of natural sciences) also known for his philosophy of nature
• aristotle: father of biology and zoology, father of ancient taxonomy
• hippocrates: father of medicine and according to him, the human body is composed of 4 humors (black bile, yellow bile, blood, phlegm)
• Hippocratic medicine: for a body to be healthy, the four humors should be balanced in amount and strength.

  Eukrasia: proper blending and balance of 4 humors
• robert hooke: father of cytology, studied cork tree, coined the term cell, honeycomb structure "micrographia" (magnifying glass)
• antonie van leeuwenhoek: father of microscopy, first to observe protozoa and bacteria, little animals "animacule"
• gregor mendel: father of genetics, studied pea plants, discovered laws of inheritance
• theophrastus: father of botany (plant)
• francisco redi: father of modern parasitology, challenged "spontaneous generation theory" eg. meat, maggot experiment (living things came from non-living things)
• herbert spencer: the survival of the fittest
• william harvey: discovered the circulation of blood
• andreas vesalius: first to perform dissection of human corpse in front of an audience, discovered diseases
• carolus linnaeus: aka carl von linne, father of modern taxonomy, binomial nomenclature-genus, species
• jean lamarck: theory of use and disuse, giraffe's neck elongation
• matthias schleiden: plants are made up of cells (botany)
• theodor schwann: animals are made up of cells (zoology)
• rudolf virchow; cells come from pre-existing cell "omnis cellula e cellula"