HRE

• Highway is any public or private road or other public way on land.
• Highway Engineering is an engineering discipline branching from civil engineering that involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods.
• Highway Planning involves estimation of current and future traffic volume on a road network.
• Highway planning is a basic need for Highway Development.
• Highway engineers strive to predict and analyze all possible civil impacts of highway systems.
• A Highway Plan is a documentation prepared to convey physical information so that designers, reviewers, and the public can understand both the existing conditions and the projects.
• An As-Built Drawing is the phrase “as-built” in construction, which is equivalent to “as-is,” and shows the existing conditions as they are, or “as-is” — these are the actual existing conditions as opposed to designs or proposed conditions, which are more common for the content of drawings.
• A Working Drawing is a type of technical drawing, which is part of the documentation needed to build an engineering product or architecture.
• A Shop Drawing is a drawing or set of drawings produced by the contractor, supplier, manufacturer, subcontractor, or fabricator.
• Shop drawings are typically required for pre-fabricated components.
• Airport engineering is the branch of transportation engineering which deals with planning, design, construction and maintenance of airports and other facilities for the operation of aircrafts.
• Railway engineering encompasses the planning, design and construction of railways lines.
• The Four Major mode of transportation are : a) Road Ways b) Rail Ways c) Water Ways d) Air Ways
• The first, and most common mode of transportation in logistics, is road.
• By far, maritime is the slowest mode of transportation.
• The newest mode of transportation is air.
• Rail transport is one of the most important, commonly used and very cost effective modes of commuting and goods carriage over long, as well as, short distances.
• Rail transport is also one of the fastest modes of land transport.
• Pipeline shipping is not a formal mode of transportation in the traditional sense.
• Highway planning is a basic need for highway development.
• Planning is of great importance when the funds available are limited as the total requirements are much higher.
• All weather roads are those which are negotiable during all weather, except at major river crossings where interruption to traffic is permissible up to a certain extent, the road pavement should be negotiable during all weathers. Roads which are called fair weather roads; on the roads, the traffic may be interrupted during monsoon season at causeways where streams may overflow across the road.
• Paved roads are provided with a hard pavement course which should be at least a water bound macadam (WBM) layer.
• Unpaved roads are not provided with a hard pavement course of at least a WBM layer.
• Earth roads and gravel roads may be called unpaved roads.
• The main function of highways is to facilitate movement of people and goods from place to place within a country or between countries.
• Highway planning involves identifying the need for new highways, determining their routes, estimating costs, and securing funding.
• Surface roads are provided with a bituminous or cement concrete surfacing. Unsurfaced roads are not provided with a bituminous or cement concrete surfacing.
• The roads are generally classified on the following basis: (a) Traffic volume (b) Load transported or tonnage (c) Location and function
• National highways (NH) are main highways
• State highways (SH) are arterial roads of a state, connecting up with the national highways of adjacent state, district head quarters and important cities within the state and serving as the main arteries for traffic to and from district roads.
• Major district Roads (MDR) are important roads within a district serving areas of production and markets and connecting those with each other or with the main highways of district.
• Other District Roads(ODR) are roads serving rural areas of production an providing them with outlet to market centres,taluk head quarters,block development head quarters or other main roads.
• Village Roads(VR) are roads connecting villages or groups of villages with each other to the nearest road of a higher category. It was specified that these village roads should be in essence farm tracks, but it was desired that the prevalent practice of leaving such tracks to develop and maintain by themselves should be replaced by a plan for a designed and regulated system
• The roads in the country are now classified into three classes, for the purpose of transport planning,functional identification,earmarking administrative jurisdictions and assigning priorities on a road network viz; (i) Primary system (ii) Secondary system (iii) Tertiary system or rural roads
• The secondary system consists of two categories of roads (a) State Highways(SH) and (b) Major District Road (MDR
• The tertiary system are rural roads and these consists of two categories of road; (a) Other District Roads (ODR) (b) Village Roads (VR)
• The road system within urban areas is classified as urban roads and is maintained by the respective urban authorities.
• Urban roads, excluding expressways, are classified as arterial roads, sub-arterial roads, collector streets, and local streets.
• Arterial and sub-arterial roads are streets primarily for through traffic on a continuous route, with the sub-arterials having a lower level of traffic mobility than the arterials.